Octopus Intelligence: How Smart Are They Compared to Other Animals?

Octopus intelligence represents one of the most striking examples of convergent cognitive evolution in the animal kingdom. The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) independently evolved the largest and most complex nervous system among invertebrates, along with sophisticated behaviors that rival those of many vertebrates (NCBI Literature Resources). This article examines what scientists currently understand about octopus cognition, how it compares with intelligence in dolphins, dogs, and humans, and why cross-species intelligence comparisons require careful interpretation. Readers will gain a practical framework for evaluating cognitive research claims, a comparison table of cognitive abilities across species, and a summary of landmark octopus intelligence experiments.

At a Glance: Octopus Cognitive Abilities Compared

The table below summarizes key cognitive domains and how octopuses compare with other intelligent animals. This comparison uses evidence from peer-reviewed research and should be interpreted with the understanding that each species evolved cognitive abilities suited to its ecological niche.

This comparison draws on research showing that octopuses compete successfully with vertebrates in their ecological niche using a behavioral repertoire typical of an intelligent predator, including fast escape swimming and an astonishing ability to adapt shape and color to the environment (An embodied view of octopus neurobiology).

The Evolutionary Context of Octopus Intelligence

Octopuses belong to the coleoid cephalopods, a group that includes squid and cuttlefish. These animals diverged from other mollusks hundreds of millions of years ago and developed along a separate evolutionary trajectory from vertebrates. The common octopus underwent a radical modification to cope with the benthic lifestyle, diverging from other cephalopods in body plan, anatomy, behavior, and intelligence (Octopus vulgaris: An Alternative in Evolution).

This independent evolutionary path is critical for understanding octopus intelligence. Humans and dolphins share a common mammalian ancestor, and dogs are even more closely related to humans. Octopuses share no such recent common ancestor with vertebrates. Their intelligence evolved completely independently, making them a natural experiment in how complex cognition can arise through different biological solutions.

The evolutionary success of octopuses is remarkable. They compete successfully with vertebrates in their ecological niche despite lacking bones, a centralized brain organization comparable to vertebrates, and any parental care. Their success depends on a suite of unusual traits, including arms capable of a wide range of movements with no skeletal support, developed eyes with complex visual behavior, a vestibular system, a primitive hearing system, chemoreceptors located in the epidermis, suckers, and mouth, and a discrete olfactory organ (Octopus vulgaris: An Alternative in Evolution).

The Octopus Nervous System: A Different Kind of Brain

Understanding octopus intelligence requires understanding their unique nervous system architecture. The octopus brain is divided into the supraesophageal mass, subesophageal mass, and optic lobe (Brain compartmentalization based on transcriptome analyses and its gene expression in Octopus minor). This organization differs fundamentally from vertebrate brains.

Distributed Neural Processing

The most distinctive feature of octopus neurobiology is the distribution of neural tissue throughout the body. Approximately two-thirds of octopus neurons are located in the arms, not in the central brain. This arrangement means that each arm has significant local processing capability, allowing for complex behaviors without central brain involvement.

Research on octopus neurobiology suggests that the difficulties arising from the animal's morphology imposed the evolution of unique brain-body-behavior relationships. These relationships are best explained as intelligent behavior that emerges from the octopus's embodied organization (An embodied view of octopus neurobiology). The term intelligent embodiment comes from robotics and refers to an approach in which behavior emerges from the dynamic physical and sensory interactions of the agent's materials, morphology, and environment.

Neuromuscular Hierarchy

Octopuses exploit an efficient neuromuscular hierarchy to achieve complex dexterous body manipulation. This hierarchy integrates sensor-rich suckers, in-arm embodied computation, and centralized higher-level reasoning (Embodying soft robots with octopus-inspired hierarchical suction intelligence). Most computation occurs within lower-level local circuitry, with minimum information transmitted to the high-level decision-making of the brain.

This distributed architecture has profound implications for how octopuses think. When an octopus arm reaches for an object, much of the coordination happens locally in the arm instead of being directed from the central brain. This is analogous to how human spinal reflexes work, but on a vastly larger scale.

Adult Neurogenesis and RNA Editing

Octopuses possess two additional biological features relevant to their cognitive abilities. First, adult neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions, meaning octopuses continue to produce new neurons throughout their lives (Brain compartmentalization based on transcriptome analyses and its gene expression in Octopus minor). Second, octopuses exhibit high levels of RNA editing, a process that allows them to modify gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence (Octopus vulgaris: An Alternative in Evolution).

These features give octopuses a master key to face environmental challenges. The capacity for adult neurogenesis may support ongoing learning and memory formation, while RNA editing provides rapid adaptive flexibility in response to environmental conditions.

Problem-Solving Abilities

Octopus problem-solving has been studied extensively in laboratory settings. These studies reveal cognitive capabilities that challenge traditional assumptions about invertebrate intelligence.

Maze Learning and Spatial Memory

Octopuses demonstrate the ability to learn mazes and remember spatial layouts. In laboratory experiments, octopuses navigate complex environments to reach food rewards, showing improvement with repeated trials. This learning capacity indicates working memory and the ability to form spatial representations of their environment.

The sophisticated behaviors of octopuses include extremely effective defensive behavior, fast escape swimming, and an astonishing ability to adapt their shape and color to their environment (An embodied view of octopus neurobiology). These behaviors require rapid processing of sensory information and coordinated motor responses, both of which depend on learning and memory.

Puzzle Box Opening

One of the most famous demonstrations of octopus problem-solving involves puzzle boxes. Octopuses learn to open jars, unscrew lids, and manipulate latches to access food. These tasks require understanding the relationship between actions and outcomes, a form of causal reasoning.

The ability to solve novel problems suggests that octopuses do not simply rely on fixed behavioral repertoires. Instead, they can generate new solutions to challenges they have not encountered before. This flexibility is a hallmark of intelligent behavior.

Observational Learning

Research indicates that octopuses can learn by observing other octopuses. This social learning capacity is surprising given that octopuses are primarily solitary animals. Observational learning requires the ability to understand that another individual's actions can be applied to one's own situation, a cognitive skill once thought to be limited to vertebrates.

Tool Use in Octopuses

Tool use has traditionally been considered a marker of advanced intelligence. Octopuses have been documented using tools in several contexts, challenging assumptions about invertebrate cognitive capabilities.

Coconut Shell Carrying

The most well-documented example of octopus tool use involves coconut shells. Veined octopuses (Amphioctopus marginatus) have been observed carrying coconut shell halves and assembling them into shelters. This behavior involves selecting appropriate shells, carrying them awkwardly across the seafloor, and later assembling them for protection.

This behavior qualifies as tool use because the octopus carries an object for future use instead of immediate consumption. The planning involved in this behavior suggests foresight and the ability to think about future needs.

Shelter Construction

Beyond coconut shells, octopuses use various objects in their environment for shelter. They arrange rocks, shells, and other materials to create dens that protect them from predators. This construction behavior requires understanding the properties of objects and how they can be arranged to create functional structures.

The ability to manipulate objects for construction purposes demonstrates spatial reasoning and an understanding of physical causality. These cognitive abilities are comparable to those seen in some vertebrates.

Camouflage and Body Control

Octopus camouflage represents one of the most sophisticated sensory-motor systems in the animal kingdom. This ability requires integrating visual information about the environment with precise control over skin color, texture, and pattern.

Dynamic Color Change

Octopuses can change their skin color and pattern almost instantaneously to match their surroundings. This ability depends on specialized skin cells called chromatophores, which expand or contract to change color. The control system for these cells is remarkably fast and precise.

The astonishing ability to adapt shape and color to the environment is a key component of octopus defensive behavior (An embodied view of octopus neurobiology). This ability requires the octopus to perceive its environment accurately and generate appropriate motor commands to match its appearance to the background.

Texture and Shape Mimicry

Beyond color change, octopuses can alter the texture of their skin to match their environment. They can make their skin smooth or bumpy to blend in with rocks, coral, or sand. They can also contort their bodies to mimic the shape of other animals or objects.

This level of body control requires processing vast amounts of sensory information and generating precise motor commands. The octopus nervous system handles this challenge through its distributed architecture, with local processing in the arms and skin contributing to the overall camouflage response.

Sensory Capabilities

Octopus sensory abilities extend beyond vision. They have chemoreceptors located in the epidermis, suckers, and mouth, allowing them to smell by touch (Octopus vulgaris: An Alternative in Evolution). This chemical sensing capability allows octopuses to identify objects and animals by touching them, providing information that complements visual input.

The integration of multiple sensory modalities, including vision, touch, and chemical sensing, gives octopuses a rich perceptual world. This sensory integration supports their complex behavioral repertoire.

Comparing Octopus Intelligence with Other Animals

Comparing intelligence across species is inherently challenging because different species evolved different cognitive abilities suited to their ecological niches. However, examining specific cognitive domains can provide useful insights.

Octopus vs. Dolphin

Dolphins are often considered among the most intelligent animals, with large brains, complex social structures, and sophisticated communication. Comparing octopuses and dolphins reveals both similarities and differences in cognitive abilities.

Both species demonstrate advanced problem-solving, tool use, and learning capabilities. However, dolphin intelligence is closely tied to their social nature. Dolphins live in complex social groups, communicate through a variety of vocalizations, and learn from each other through social transmission. Octopuses are primarily solitary, and their intelligence is more focused on individual problem-solving and environmental adaptation.

The neural organization of these species differs fundamentally. Dolphins have large, centralized brains with highly developed cortical structures. Octopuses have distributed nervous systems with significant processing power in their arms. Both approaches can produce sophisticated behavior, but they represent different solutions to the challenge of intelligent behavior.

Octopus vs. Dog

Dogs have evolved alongside humans for thousands of years, developing cognitive abilities specifically adapted to human interaction. Dogs excel at reading human social cues, understanding pointing gestures, and learning human commands.

Octopuses have not evolved in close association with humans and do not show the same social intelligence directed toward humans. However, octopuses demonstrate problem-solving abilities that are comparable to or exceed those of dogs in certain domains. Octopuses can solve novel puzzles, navigate complex environments, and use tools, abilities that dogs typically do not demonstrate without extensive training.

The comparison between octopus and dog intelligence highlights the importance of ecological context. Dog intelligence is shaped by domestication and coevolution with humans. Octopus intelligence is shaped by the demands of a solitary predatory lifestyle in complex marine environments.

Octopus vs. Human

Human intelligence is characterized by abstract reasoning, language, culture, and cumulative technological development. No other species, including octopuses, demonstrates these capabilities to the same degree.

However, octopus intelligence is remarkable precisely because it evolved independently and produced sophisticated cognitive abilities without the neural architecture that humans use. The octopus brain is organized completely differently from the human brain, yet it supports learning, memory, problem-solving, and behavioral flexibility.

Research on intelligence increasingly emphasizes that intelligence is not a unitary faculty but has pluralistic forms (Intelligence in Light of Perspectivalism: Lessons from Octopus Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence). Using humans as the yardstick for intelligence can obscure the unique cognitive abilities that other species possess. Octopus intelligence is best understood on its own terms, as an adaptation to a specific ecological niche.

Famous Octopus Intelligence Experiments

Several landmark experiments have shaped scientific understanding of octopus intelligence. These experiments demonstrate specific cognitive abilities and provide evidence for the sophistication of octopus cognition.

The Jar Opening Experiment

One of the earliest demonstrations of octopus problem-solving involved presenting octopuses with jars containing food. Octopuses learned to unscrew jar lids to access the food inside. This task requires understanding that the lid must be turned in a specific direction and that this action will open the jar.

The jar opening experiment has been replicated many times and is considered a classic demonstration of octopus problem-solving. The ability to learn this task through trial and error, and to remember the solution across sessions, demonstrates learning and memory capabilities.

The Coconut Shell Experiment

The observation of veined octopuses carrying coconut shells provided evidence for tool use and future planning in octopuses. Researchers documented octopuses selecting coconut shell halves, carrying them across the seafloor, and assembling them into shelters.

This behavior is significant because it involves carrying an object for future use instead of immediate consumption. The octopus must recognize the potential utility of the coconut shell, transport it to a location where it will be needed, and assemble it into a functional shelter.

The Maze Learning Experiment

Octopuses have been tested in maze learning paradigms, where they must navigate a complex environment to reach a reward. These experiments demonstrate spatial learning and memory, as octopuses improve their performance with repeated trials.

Maze learning requires the octopus to form a mental representation of the maze layout and remember the correct path. This spatial memory capability is comparable to that seen in vertebrates.

The Observational Learning Experiment

Research has demonstrated that octopuses can learn by observing other octopuses performing tasks. In these experiments, naive octopuses watch trained octopuses solve problems and then demonstrate the ability to solve the same problems themselves.

Observational learning is significant because it suggests that octopuses can extract information from the behavior of others and apply it to their own situations. This ability was once thought to be limited to social species with complex cognitive abilities.

Limitations of Cross-Species Intelligence Comparisons

Comparing intelligence across species is fraught with methodological and conceptual challenges. Understanding these limitations is essential for interpreting claims about octopus intelligence.

Anthropocentric Bias

Much research on intelligence suffers from the bias of using humans as a yardstick and focusing on human intelligence at the expense of acknowledging other forms of intelligence (Intelligence in Light of Perspectivalism: Lessons from Octopus Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence). Tests designed to measure human intelligence may not be appropriate for measuring intelligence in other species.

For example, tests that rely on visual cues may underestimate the intelligence of species that rely more heavily on other senses. Octopuses have sophisticated chemical sensing capabilities that humans lack, and tests that do not account for this sensory modality may not capture the full range of octopus cognitive abilities.

Ecological Validity

Intelligence tests should be ecologically valid, meaning they should measure abilities that are relevant to the species being tested. A test that measures a species ability to solve problems it would never encounter in nature may not provide meaningful information about its intelligence.

Octopuses evolved in complex marine environments where they face challenges related to predation, foraging, and shelter construction. Tests that reflect these ecological challenges are more likely to provide meaningful information about octopus intelligence than tests designed for other species.

Definitional Problems

Intelligence is difficult to define precisely, and different researchers use different definitions. Some definitions emphasize problem-solving ability, others emphasize learning capacity, and still others emphasize social cognition or behavioral flexibility.

The lack of a consensus definition makes cross-species comparisons challenging. A species that excels at one type of cognitive task may perform poorly on another, and the overall assessment of intelligence depends on which tasks are emphasized.

The Problem of Neural Differences

Comparing intelligence across species with fundamentally different neural architectures is particularly challenging. The octopus nervous system is organized completely differently from vertebrate nervous systems, with distributed processing and local computation in the arms.

This neural difference means that octopus intelligence may operate according to principles that are difficult to compare with vertebrate intelligence. The embodied nature of octopus cognition, where behavior emerges from the dynamic physical and sensory interactions of the agent's materials, morphology, and environment, may not be captured by traditional intelligence tests (An embodied view of octopus neurobiology).

Practical Assessment Framework for Evaluating Intelligence Claims

For researchers, students, and life-science professionals evaluating claims about octopus intelligence, the following framework provides a structured approach to assessment.

Step 1: Identify the Specific Cognitive Domain

Determine which cognitive domain is being assessed. Common domains include problem-solving, learning, memory, tool use, social cognition, and behavioral flexibility. Different domains require different assessment methods.

Step 2: Evaluate the Experimental Design

Assess whether the experimental design is appropriate for the species being tested. Consider whether the task is ecologically valid, whether the species sensory capabilities are accounted for, and whether the experimental controls are adequate.

Step 3: Consider Alternative Explanations

Evaluate whether the observed behavior could be explained by simpler mechanisms than intelligence. For example, could the behavior result from trial-and-error learning, innate behavioral programs, or simple associative conditioning?

Step 4: Examine the Evidence Base

Review the broader evidence base for the claim. Has the finding been replicated? Do multiple studies support the conclusion? Are there conflicting findings that need to be reconciled?

Step 5: Assess the Generalizability

Consider whether the findings from laboratory studies generalize to natural behavior. Do octopuses demonstrate the same cognitive abilities in the wild as they do in laboratory settings?

Common Failure Patterns in Intelligence Research

Research on octopus intelligence, like all scientific research, is subject to common failure patterns that can undermine the validity of conclusions.

Overinterpretation of Anecdotal Observations

Anecdotal observations of octopus behavior can be suggestive but are not sufficient evidence for intelligence claims. Without controlled experiments, it is difficult to rule out alternative explanations for observed behavior.

Inadequate Sample Sizes

Some octopus intelligence studies use small sample sizes, which limits the generalizability of findings. Individual variation in octopus behavior can be substantial, and conclusions based on a few individuals may not represent the species as a whole.

Anthropomorphic Projection

Researchers may unconsciously attribute human-like motivations and thought processes to octopuses. This anthropomorphic projection can lead to overinterpretation of octopus behavior and inaccurate conclusions about their cognitive abilities.

Publication Bias

Studies reporting positive findings are more likely to be published than studies reporting negative or null results. This publication bias can create a distorted picture of octopus intelligence, overemphasizing positive findings.

Welfare and Ethical Considerations

The study of octopus intelligence raises important welfare and ethical considerations. Octopuses are sentient animals with complex nervous systems, and their use in research requires careful attention to welfare.

Stress in Research Settings

Research has shown that fishing and handling induce significant stress responses in octopuses. A study of common octopuses found that fishing induces significant changes in gene expression related to stress, including estrogen receptor, catalase, and heat shock protein genes (Stress Induced by Fishing in Common Octopus and Relative Impact on Its Use as an Experimental Model).

This stress can affect both octopus welfare and the reliability of research results. Researchers must evaluate the welfare of octopuses using biomarkers after fishing to improve welfare and ensure reliable scientific results.

Environmental Contaminants

Octopuses are exposed to environmental contaminants that can affect their health and behavior. Research on the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found that exposure inhibited growth and feeding in the octopus Amphioctopus fangsiao by disrupting gut and digestive gland homeostasis (Decabromodiphenyl ethane inhibited the growth and feeding by disrupting the gut and digestive gland homeostasis in octopus).

These findings have implications for both wild octopus populations and octopuses used in research. Understanding the effects of environmental contaminants is essential for interpreting research results and ensuring octopus welfare.

Ethical Frameworks

The study of octopus intelligence should be guided by ethical frameworks that recognize the cognitive complexity of these animals. Researchers should minimize stress, provide appropriate environmental enrichment, and consider the welfare implications of their research procedures.

Professional Escalation Criteria

For professionals working with octopuses in research or aquarium settings, the following criteria indicate when to escalate concerns to appropriate authorities or specialists.

Signs of Distress or Poor Welfare

Escalate when octopuses show signs of chronic stress, including reduced feeding, abnormal behavior, skin lesions, or repeated escape attempts. These signs may indicate inadequate environmental conditions or health problems requiring veterinary attention.

Unexpected Behavioral Changes

Escalate when octopuses show sudden or unexplained changes in behavior, such as loss of camouflage ability, uncoordinated arm movements, or reduced responsiveness. These changes may indicate neurological problems or environmental toxicity.

Environmental Concerns

Escalate when water quality parameters fall outside acceptable ranges or when there is evidence of environmental contamination. Poor water quality can cause stress and disease in octopuses and can confound research results.

Regulatory Compliance

Escalate when there are questions about regulatory compliance related to octopus research or housing. Regulations governing the use of cephalopods in research vary by jurisdiction, and professionals should ensure they are in compliance with applicable requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does octopus intelligence compare to human intelligence?

Octopus intelligence differs fundamentally from human intelligence. Humans excel at abstract reasoning, language, and cumulative culture, capabilities that octopuses do not demonstrate. However, octopuses show sophisticated problem-solving, learning, and behavioral flexibility that evolved independently from vertebrate intelligence. The octopus nervous system is organized differently from the human brain, with distributed processing throughout the arms, yet it supports complex cognitive abilities. Comparing octopus and human intelligence requires recognizing that intelligence takes multiple forms and that different species evolved different cognitive strengths suited to their ecological niches.

Are octopuses smarter than dogs?

Octopuses and dogs have different cognitive strengths shaped by their evolutionary histories. Dogs evolved alongside humans and excel at reading human social cues and learning human commands. Octopuses evolved as solitary predators and excel at problem-solving, spatial learning, and environmental adaptation. In laboratory tests, octopuses demonstrate puzzle-solving and tool-use abilities that dogs typically do not show without extensive training. However, dog social intelligence is highly developed in ways that octopus intelligence is not. Direct comparisons are difficult because the species have different sensory capabilities and ecological niches.

Can octopuses use tools?

Yes, octopuses have been documented using tools. The most well-known example is the veined octopus carrying coconut shell halves and assembling them into shelters. This behavior involves selecting appropriate shells, transporting them, and using them for future protection. Tool use requires understanding object properties and planning for future needs, cognitive abilities that were once thought to be limited to vertebrates. The coconut shell behavior is considered a clear example of tool use because the octopus carries an object for future use instead of immediate consumption.

How many neurons does an octopus have?

Octopuses have approximately 500 million neurons, which is comparable to the number found in some mammals. The distribution of these neurons is unusual, with about two-thirds located in the arms instead of the central brain. This distributed neural architecture allows each arm to process information locally, supporting complex coordinated movements without central brain involvement. The central brain contains approximately one-third of the neurons and integrates information from the arms and sensory organs.

Do octopuses have memory?

Yes, octopuses have complex memory capabilities. They demonstrate spatial memory in maze learning tasks, remembering the layout of environments across sessions. They also show learning from observation, remembering solutions to problems they have seen other octopuses solve. Research on octopus neurobiology has identified adult neurogenesis in specific brain regions, suggesting ongoing capacity for learning and memory formation throughout life. The high level of RNA editing in octopuses may also contribute to their cognitive flexibility and memory capabilities.

Why are octopuses considered intelligent?

Octopuses are considered intelligent because they demonstrate a range of cognitive abilities that were once thought to be limited to vertebrates. These abilities include problem-solving, tool use, observational learning, spatial memory, and behavioral flexibility. Octopuses can solve novel problems, adapt their behavior to changing circumstances, and learn from experience. Their intelligence is particularly remarkable because it evolved independently from vertebrate intelligence, making octopuses a natural experiment in how complex cognition can arise through different biological solutions.

How do scientists measure octopus intelligence?

Scientists measure octopus intelligence through controlled experiments that assess specific cognitive domains. Common methods include puzzle box tasks that require manipulating objects to access food, maze learning tasks that assess spatial memory, and observational learning tasks that assess the ability to learn from watching other octopuses. Researchers also study octopus behavior in natural settings to understand how cognitive abilities are used in ecological contexts. Evaluating intelligence claims requires considering experimental design, ecological validity, and alternative explanations for observed behavior.

What are the limitations of comparing intelligence across species?

Comparing intelligence across species is challenging for several reasons. Intelligence tests may be biased toward species with certain sensory capabilities or ecological niches. Different species evolved different cognitive strengths, and a species that excels at one type of task may perform poorly on another. Definitions of intelligence vary among researchers, making cross-species comparisons difficult. Additionally, species with fundamentally different neural architectures, such as octopuses and vertebrates, may process information in ways that are difficult to compare directly. These limitations mean that intelligence comparisons should be interpreted with caution.

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References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
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• Octopus vulgaris: An Alternative in Evolution.. Results and problems in cell differentiation, 2018.
• An embodied view of octopus neurobiology.. Current biology : CB, 2012.
• Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic?. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology, 2018.
• Brain compartmentalization based on transcriptome analyses and its gene expression in Octopus minor.. Brain structure & function, 2023.
• Systematic review of available software for multi-arm multi-stage and platform clinical trial design.. Trials, 2021.
• Topology, dynamics, and control of a muscle-architected soft arm.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024.
• Photoswitchable and Reversible Fluorescent Eutectogels for Conformal Information Encryption.. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 2023.
• Design and Sensing Frameworks of Soft Octopus-Inspired Grippers Toward Artificial Intelligence.. 2025.
• Hybrid ML and metaheuristic optimization of slag-fly ash-gypsum modified solidified sludge for construction.. 2026.
• Plant cognition after Darwin: historical and epistemological remarks.. 2026.
• Bioinspired Soft Machines: Engineering Nature's Grace into Future Innovations.. 2025.
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• De-anthropomorphizing the mind: life as a cognitive spectrum in a unified framework for biological minds.. 2026.
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• Exploring eight-armed intelligence through film Commentary on Mather on Octopus Mind. 2021.
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• From Paul the Octopus to Achilles the Cat - Proper Names of Animals which Predict the Outcomes of Sports Competitions. Folia Onomastica Croatica, 2020.
• Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) inhibited the growth and feeding by disrupting the gut and digestive gland homeostasis in octopus Amphioctopus fangsiao (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).. Science of the Total Environment, 2024.
• Octopus: A new forum plugin for virtual learning environments created with moodle platform. Ceur Workshop Proceedings, 2017.
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This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.