Maned Wolf: The Long-Legged Fox of the Grasslands

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and one of the most distinctive members of the dog family. Despite its fox-like appearance, it is not a fox, and despite its wolf-like name, it is not a wolf. It belongs to its own genus, Chrysocyon, which translates to "golden dog." This article provides a detailed natural history profile of the maned wolf for students, researchers, life-science professionals, and informed general readers. It covers the animal's unique morphology, solitary behavior, diet, reproduction, ecological role, conservation status, and the emerging disease surveillance data that matter for wildlife management. A quick-reference fact sheet and comparison table with other canids are included for field identification and study purposes.

Taxonomic Position and Evolutionary Context

The maned wolf is the only living species in the genus Chrysocyon. Its scientific name, Chrysocyon brachyurus, reflects two key features: the golden color of its coat and its short tail relative to body size. The species is placed within the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, and coyotes.

The evolutionary history of canids is complex. Ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years show that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. Dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, none of the analyzed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of the two dog ancestries identified, meaning the exact progenitor populations remain to be located. This genomic context helps explain why modern canid taxonomy is not always intuitive and why the maned wolf, with its unique morphology, occupies a separate evolutionary branch.

The maned wolf is not closely related to true wolves (Canis lupus) or to true foxes (Vulpes species). Its closest living relatives are other South American canids, including the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and the short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis). The fossil record shows that medium-sized canids such as Canis etruscus were present in the Early Pleistocene of the Circum-Mediterranean region, but the South American canid radiation followed a separate evolutionary path after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.

Physical Description and Morphological Adaptations

The maned wolf is immediately recognizable by its long, slender legs, which are an adaptation for moving through tall grassland vegetation. Its coat is reddish-gold over most of the body, with darker black markings on the legs, muzzle, and mane. The mane, which gives the species its common name, is a strip of dark, erectile hair along the back of the neck and shoulders. The mane is raised during aggressive or defensive encounters, making the animal appear larger than it is.

Adult maned wolves stand about 90 centimeters at the shoulder and weigh between 20 and 30 kilograms. Males and females are similar in size, with no pronounced sexual dimorphism. The head is elongated and fox-like, with large ears that aid in detecting prey in dense grass. The tail is relatively short for a canid of this size, typically measuring 28 to 45 centimeters.

The maned wolf's long legs allow the animal to see over the tall grasses of the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna that is its primary habitat. This vantage point is essential for locating prey and detecting potential threats. The legs also enable the maned wolf to move efficiently through its environment, covering large home ranges in search of food.

The dentition of the maned wolf reflects its omnivorous diet. Unlike wolves, which have robust carnassial teeth adapted for shearing meat, the maned wolf has relatively small teeth that are better suited for processing fruit, small vertebrates, and insects. The canines are long and sharp, but the molars are less specialized for bone crushing than those of true wolves.

Geographic Range and Habitat Preferences

The maned wolf is endemic to South America, with its distribution centered on the Cerrado biome of central Brazil. Its range extends into parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The species is found primarily in open habitats, including grasslands, savannas, scrublands, and the edges of forests. It avoids dense rainforest and is rarely found in the Amazon basin.

The maned wolf's habitat preference is closely tied to its morphology and diet. The long legs and golden coat are adaptations to the open, grassy landscapes of the Cerrado. The species is also found in the Pantanal wetlands, the Chaco scrublands, and the pampas of Argentina. In Argentina, conservation efforts have been documented in a 2015 volume edited by Marcela Orozco, Paula González Ciccia, and Lucía Soler, published by the Felix de Azara Natural History Foundation. The book compiles lessons learned and recommendations for the species' conservation in that country.

Habitat loss is the primary threat to maned wolf populations. The Cerrado has been extensively converted to agriculture, particularly for soybean production and cattle ranching. Road construction, urbanization, and the expansion of infrastructure have fragmented the remaining habitat. Maned wolves are also killed by vehicles on highways, and roadkilled specimens have become an important source of data for disease surveillance.

Diet and Foraging Behavior

The maned wolf is an omnivore with a highly diversified diet. It consumes a wide range of food items, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and fruit. The most important dietary component is the wolf apple (Solanum lycocarpum), a tomato-like fruit that is native to the Cerrado. The maned wolf is one of the few canids that regularly consumes fruit, and the wolf apple can constitute a significant portion of its diet during certain seasons.

The maned wolf's diet varies by region and season. In areas where small rodents are abundant, they may form the bulk of the diet. The maned wolf hunts by stalking and pouncing, using its long legs to leap into the air and pin prey to the ground. It also digs for insects and small vertebrates and will scavenge carrion when available.

The diversified diet of the maned wolf has implications for parasite exposure. A study published in 2026 reported the first coinfection by Dioctophyma renale and Pearsonema sp. in the urine of a free-ranging maned wolf in Brazil. The maned wolf's diet includes fish and amphibians, which may harbor infective forms of parasites such as Dioctophyma renale, the giant kidney worm. This parasite affects the urinary tract of its hosts and is capable of infecting a wide range of mammalian species. Pearsonema spp. exclusively parasitizes wild and domestic canids and felids, releasing their eggs in the urine of the host. The study highlighted the importance of urinalysis in wild animals and the need for continuous investigation into Pearsonema spp., which are poorly studied in wild canids.

Solitary Lifestyle and Social Behavior

The maned wolf is a solitary animal, unlike the pack-living gray wolf. It does not form long-term pair bonds or hunt cooperatively. Instead, adult maned wolves maintain large home ranges that they defend against other adults of the same sex. A male and female may share a territory, but they interact primarily during the breeding season.

The maned wolf is most active during the twilight hours and at night. During the day, it rests in dense vegetation, often in a shallow depression scratched into the ground. Its activity patterns are influenced by temperature, prey availability, and human disturbance.

Communication in the maned wolf includes vocalizations, scent marking, and visual displays. The maned wolf produces a distinctive roar-bark, a low, guttural call that is used for long-distance communication. Scent marking is important for territorial defense, and maned wolves deposit urine and feces at strategic locations within their home ranges. The urine of the maned wolf has a strong, distinctive odor that is sometimes compared to that of cannabis, a fact that has occasionally led to confusion when the animals are kept in captivity.

The solitary lifestyle of the maned wolf has implications for its reproductive biology and population dynamics. Because individuals are spread out across large areas, encounters between potential mates are relatively rare. The maned wolf compensates for this with a well-defined breeding season and strong scent-marking behavior that helps males and females locate each other.

Reproduction and Life History

The maned wolf has a monogamous breeding system, with a male and female forming a pair that may remain together for several years. However, the pair does not live together year-round. During the breeding season, which occurs from April to June in the wild, the male and female come together to mate.

The gestation period is approximately 60 to 65 days. Litter size ranges from one to five pups, with two to three being the most common. The pups are born in a den, which may be a burrow dug by the parents or a natural cavity in the ground. The female gives birth in the den and remains with the pups for the first few weeks of life.

The male maned wolf plays an active role in rearing the young. He brings food to the female and the pups and may help guard the den against predators. The pups begin to eat solid food at about three weeks of age and are weaned by about 15 weeks. They remain with their parents for up to a year, learning to hunt and navigate their environment before dispersing to establish their own territories.

Reproductive physiology in the maned wolf has been studied using non-invasive methods. A 2006 study published in Theriogenology examined patterns of fecal gonadal hormone metabolites in the maned wolf. Fecal hormone monitoring is a valuable tool for understanding reproductive cycles in wild canids because it does not require handling or restraint. This approach has been used to characterize the breeding season, gestation, and postpartum period in both wild and captive maned wolves.

Sexual maturity is reached at about one to two years of age. The lifespan of the maned wolf in the wild is estimated at 10 to 12 years, though individuals in captivity may live longer. Mortality is highest among juveniles, which are vulnerable to predation, disease, and starvation.

Ecological Role in South American Grasslands

The maned wolf occupies a unique ecological niche in the South American grasslands. As an omnivore, it plays a role in both seed dispersal and prey regulation. The consumption of fruit, particularly the wolf apple, makes the maned wolf an important seed disperser for several plant species. Seeds pass through the digestive tract and are deposited in feces, often at considerable distances from the parent plant.

The maned wolf also helps regulate populations of small mammals and insects. By preying on rodents, it may help control populations that could otherwise reach pest levels. Its predation on insects contributes to nutrient cycling and soil health.

The maned wolf is a top predator in its ecosystem, but it is not the apex predator. Larger carnivores, such as the jaguar (Panthera onca) and the puma (Puma concolor), may prey on maned wolves, particularly juveniles. The maned wolf avoids these predators by being active at different times and by using different habitats.

The ecological role of the maned wolf extends to its interactions with other species, including domestic animals. In areas where maned wolves come into contact with domestic dogs, there is potential for disease transmission. The maned wolf is also affected by the presence of domestic animals, which compete for food and may introduce pathogens.

Disease Surveillance and Health Concerns

Disease surveillance in maned wolves has increased in recent years, driven by concerns about zoonotic diseases and the health of wild populations. Roadkilled animals have proven to be a valuable source of data for disease monitoring. A 2025 study investigated the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in 40 roadkilled wild mammals collected along highways in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study detected Leishmania infantum chagasi in a maned wolf and Leishmania amazonensis in a raccoon. These findings suggest that wild mammals could be exposed to distinct Leishmania species across diverse ecological contexts. The study concluded that examining roadkilled animals, combined with the molecular detection of parasites, is an effective tool for passive Leishmania surveillance and highlighted the need for integrated investigations within a One Health framework.

The maned wolf is also susceptible to other infectious diseases. Canine distemper, rabies, and canine parvovirus have been documented in wild canids, and domestic dogs can serve as reservoirs for these pathogens. The oral microbiota of the maned wolf has been studied for its antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria. A 2026 study isolated Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp. from the saliva of maned wolves and South American bush dogs. The study found that Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus hirae were present in maned wolves, along with Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Latilactobacillus curvatus. Antagonistic activity against indicator pathogens was more frequent among Lactobacillus isolates. These results suggest that the antibacterial properties observed in the saliva of these wild canids may be partly attributable to the indigenous lactic microbiota.

Parasitic infections are common in maned wolves. The giant kidney worm (Dioctophyme renale) is a nematode that locates in the kidney of its definitive hosts, mainly belonging to the order Carnivora. In South America, D. renale is widespread in riparian regions where changing climatic conditions, environmental degradation, and compromised sanitation are increasing the risk of distribution of this parasite, including to humans. A 2025 study analyzed 73 adult D. renale samples collected from domestic and wild carnivores. The most common hosts were domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and maned wolves among domestic and wild carnivores, respectively. The study found that the parasite has been present on the continent long enough to develop local genetic variants, and the phylogenies show transmission between localities and bidirectional transmission between domestic and wild species.

Tick-borne pathogens also pose a threat to maned wolves. A 2026 study detected Ehrlichia canis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus ticks from sylvatic environments in Southern Italy. While this study did not involve maned wolves, it highlights the expanding distribution of tick-borne pathogens and the potential for transmission to wild canids. The brown dog tick R. sanguineus is the primary vector of E. canis, and recent evidence indicates a broader host range, including potential zoonotic transmission to humans.

Conservation Status and Threats

The maned wolf is classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The global population is estimated at approximately 17,000 mature individuals, with the largest populations in Brazil. The species is declining in parts of its range, particularly in Argentina and Bolivia.

The primary threats to the maned wolf are habitat loss and fragmentation. The Cerrado has lost more than half of its original vegetation to agriculture and cattle ranching. Roads and highways fragment the remaining habitat and cause direct mortality through vehicle collisions. Maned wolves are also killed by farmers who perceive them as a threat to livestock, although the maned wolf rarely preys on domestic animals.

Disease is an emerging threat to maned wolf populations. Domestic dogs can transmit infectious diseases to wild canids, and the increasing overlap between human settlements and maned wolf habitat increases the risk of disease transmission. Roadkilled maned wolves provide an opportunity for disease surveillance, but they also represent a significant source of mortality.

Conservation efforts for the maned wolf include habitat protection, corridor creation, and community engagement. In Argentina, the Felix de Azara Natural History Foundation published a 2015 volume on the maned wolf that compiles lessons learned and recommendations for its conservation. The book emphasizes the need for landscape-level planning, the importance of working with local communities, and the value of long-term monitoring.

Captive breeding programs have been established in zoos and research centers, and the maned wolf breeds relatively well in captivity. However, captive populations face challenges related to genetic diversity and the maintenance of natural behaviors. Fecal hormone monitoring has been used to improve reproductive success in captivity by identifying optimal breeding times and detecting pregnancy early.

At a Glance

Comparison with Other Canids

The maned wolf is often confused with other canids due to its superficial resemblance to foxes and wolves. However, its unique morphology and behavior distinguish it from both groups.

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is the largest wild canid and the ancestor of the domestic dog. Gray wolves are highly social animals that live and hunt in packs. They are carnivorous and prey primarily on large ungulates such as deer, elk, and bison. The maned wolf, in contrast, is solitary and omnivorous. Its long legs and golden coat are adaptations to the open grasslands of South America, while the gray wolf's robust build and thick coat are adaptations to the colder climates of the Northern Hemisphere.

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the most widespread wild canid and is found across the Northern Hemisphere. Red foxes are smaller than maned wolves and have a more generalized body plan. They are adaptable omnivores that thrive in a wide range of habitats, including urban areas. The maned wolf is larger, has longer legs, and is restricted to South American grasslands.

The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is a small, stocky canid that is also found in South America. Unlike the maned wolf, the bush dog is highly social and lives in small packs. It has short legs and a weasel-like body, adaptations for hunting in dense vegetation and along waterways. The bush dog and the maned wolf share some habitat but occupy different ecological niches.

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a medium-sized canid that is widespread in South America. It is more omnivorous than the maned wolf and has a more generalized body plan. The crab-eating fox is also more adaptable to human-modified landscapes and is often found near settlements.

Observations and Measurements for Field Studies

Field studies of the maned wolf require careful planning and the use of appropriate methods. Direct observation is difficult because the species is solitary, crepuscular, and often found in dense vegetation. Camera traps have become the primary tool for studying maned wolf populations, providing data on distribution, activity patterns, and population density.

When conducting field surveys, researchers should record the following measurements and observations:

• Body measurements: weight, shoulder height, body length, tail length, and ear length
• Coat condition: color, presence of mange or other skin conditions, and mane development
• Behavioral observations: activity patterns, foraging behavior, and social interactions
• Signs of presence: tracks, scat, scent marks, and dens
• Health indicators: body condition, presence of external parasites, and signs of injury or disease

Scat analysis is a valuable tool for studying the maned wolf's diet. Fecal samples can be collected and analyzed to identify prey remains, seeds, and parasites. Scat can also be used for genetic analysis, providing data on population structure and relatedness.

Urinalysis is an important diagnostic tool for detecting parasitic infections in maned wolves. The 2026 study that reported the first coinfection by Dioctophyma renale and Pearsonema sp. in a free-ranging maned wolf used urinalysis to confirm the diagnosis. Urinary sediment examination showed D. renale eggs at 5 per field and Pearsonema sp. eggs at 1 per field. Egg morphometry yielded mean length and width values of 62.2 micrometers and 41.2 micrometers for D. renale and 58.0 micrometers and 26.1 micrometers for Pearsonema sp., respectively.

Practical Assessment Steps for Wildlife Managers

Wildlife managers and conservation practitioners can use the following steps to assess maned wolf populations and implement conservation actions:

1. Define the assessment area and objectives. Determine whether the goal is to estimate population size, assess habitat quality, monitor disease, or evaluate the effectiveness of conservation interventions.

2. Conduct a habitat assessment. Map the distribution of suitable habitat, identify corridors and barriers, and evaluate the extent of habitat fragmentation. The maned wolf requires large areas of open grassland and savanna, so habitat loss and fragmentation are critical concerns.

3. Deploy camera traps at strategic locations. Place cameras along game trails, near water sources, and at scent-marking sites. Use a systematic grid design to ensure representative coverage of the study area.

4. Collect and analyze scat samples. Scat can provide data on diet, health, and genetic identity. Use appropriate field protocols to avoid contamination and preserve samples for laboratory analysis.

5. Monitor road mortality. Roadkilled maned wolves provide valuable data on population distribution and health. Record the location, date, and condition of each specimen, and collect samples for disease surveillance.

6. Engage with local communities. Maned wolves are often killed by farmers who perceive them as a threat to livestock. Education and outreach programs can help reduce human-wildlife conflict and build support for conservation.

7. Establish a monitoring program. Long-term monitoring is essential for detecting population trends and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation actions. Use standardized methods to ensure that data are comparable across time and space.

Records and Data Management

Accurate record-keeping is essential for maned wolf conservation and research. The following records should be maintained:

• Population survey data: camera trap images, scat samples, and direct observations
• Mortality records: roadkill locations, cause of death, and necropsy findings
• Disease surveillance data: pathogen detection results, parasite identification, and health assessments
• Habitat data: vegetation type, land use, and habitat quality assessments
• Conservation intervention records: habitat restoration activities, community engagement efforts, and captive breeding data

Data should be stored in a centralized database that is accessible to researchers and conservation practitioners. Standardized data collection protocols ensure that data are comparable across studies and regions. The Dog10K consortium, which has sequenced and analyzed several thousand canine genomes, provides a model for data sharing and collaboration in canid research. The consortium has identified genomic variation across the canid family, setting the stage for detailed studies of domestication, behavior, morphology, disease susceptibility, and genome architecture and function.

Common Failure Patterns in Maned Wolf Conservation

Conservation programs for the maned wolf can fail for several reasons. Understanding these failure patterns is essential for designing effective interventions.

Habitat protection without connectivity is a common failure. Protecting isolated patches of habitat does not provide sufficient space for maned wolves, which require large home ranges. Corridors that connect protected areas are essential for maintaining gene flow and allowing dispersal.

Ignoring human-wildlife conflict is another common failure. Maned wolves are killed by farmers who perceive them as a threat to livestock, even though the species rarely preys on domestic animals. Conservation programs that do not address the underlying causes of conflict are unlikely to succeed.

Disease surveillance is often neglected. Domestic dogs can transmit infectious diseases to maned wolves, and the increasing overlap between human settlements and maned wolf habitat increases the risk of disease transmission. Roadkilled maned wolves provide an opportunity for disease surveillance, but this opportunity is often missed.

Captive breeding programs can fail if they do not maintain genetic diversity. The maned wolf has relatively low genetic diversity in captivity, and inbreeding can lead to reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to disease. Fecal hormone monitoring can help improve reproductive success in captivity, but it requires specialized equipment and expertise.

Limitations of Current Knowledge

Despite decades of research, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the maned wolf. Population estimates are uncertain, particularly in remote areas of the Amazon and the Chaco. The species' response to habitat fragmentation is not well understood, and the long-term viability of small, isolated populations is unknown.

Disease ecology is an emerging field, and the impact of infectious diseases on maned wolf populations is poorly documented. The role of domestic dogs as reservoirs for pathogens is a concern, but the extent of disease transmission between domestic and wild canids is not well quantified.

The maned wolf's reproductive biology is better understood than many other aspects of its ecology, but questions remain about the factors that influence reproductive success in the wild. The role of the male in pup rearing, the dispersal behavior of juveniles, and the factors that determine territory establishment are all areas that require further study.

Climate change is likely to affect maned wolf habitat, but the specific impacts are uncertain. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns could alter the distribution of the Cerrado and other grassland ecosystems, potentially reducing the availability of suitable habitat.

Safety and Regulatory Context

The maned wolf is protected by national laws in all range countries. In Brazil, it is listed as a protected species under federal law, and hunting or capturing maned wolves is prohibited. In Argentina, the maned wolf is protected under provincial laws, and the 2015 volume published by the Felix de Azara Natural History Foundation provides recommendations for its conservation.

International trade in maned wolves is regulated under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is listed in Appendix II, which means that international trade is permitted but regulated to ensure that it does not threaten the species' survival.

Researchers and wildlife managers working with maned wolves must obtain the appropriate permits and follow established protocols for handling and sampling. When working with roadkilled animals, researchers should follow biosafety protocols to minimize the risk of disease transmission. The 2025 study on Leishmania spp. in roadkilled wild mammals highlighted the value of this approach for passive disease surveillance, but it also emphasized the need for integrated investigations within a One Health framework.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Wildlife managers and veterinarians should escalate concerns to appropriate authorities in the following situations:

• A maned wolf is found dead or injured, particularly if the cause is unknown or involves disease
• A maned wolf shows signs of illness, such as lethargy, weight loss, or abnormal behavior
• A maned wolf is found in an urban or agricultural area, indicating potential human-wildlife conflict
• A maned wolf tests positive for a zoonotic pathogen, such as Leishmania spp.
• A maned wolf is found with signs of parasitic infection, such as Dioctophyma renale or Pearsonema sp.
• A maned wolf population shows signs of decline, such as reduced camera trap detections or increased road mortality

In these situations, wildlife managers should contact the relevant national or state wildlife agency, as well as veterinary diagnostic laboratories with experience in wild canid health. The One Health framework, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is particularly relevant for managing disease risks associated with maned wolves.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the maned wolf a fox or a wolf?

The maned wolf is neither a fox nor a wolf. It belongs to its own genus, Chrysocyon, and is the only species in that genus. Its long legs, golden coat, and fox-like face give it a superficial resemblance to foxes, but it is not closely related to true foxes. It is also not closely related to true wolves, despite its name. The maned wolf's closest living relatives are other South American canids, including the bush dog and the crab-eating fox.

What does the maned wolf eat?

The maned wolf is an omnivore with a highly diversified diet. It consumes small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and fruit. The wolf apple (Solanum lycocarpum) is an important dietary component in the Cerrado. The maned wolf's diet varies by region and season, and it will scavenge carrion when available. Its diversified diet has implications for parasite exposure, as it may consume fish and amphibians that harbor infective forms of parasites such as Dioctophyma renale.

Where does the maned wolf live?

The maned wolf is endemic to South America, with its distribution centered on the Cerrado biome of central Brazil. Its range extends into parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The species is found primarily in open habitats, including grasslands, savannas, scrublands, and the edges of forests. It avoids dense rainforest and is rarely found in the Amazon basin.

Is the maned wolf endangered?

The maned wolf is classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The global population is estimated at approximately 17,000 mature individuals, with the largest populations in Brazil. The species is declining in parts of its range, particularly in Argentina and Bolivia. The primary threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, and disease.

How long do maned wolves live?

The lifespan of the maned wolf in the wild is estimated at 10 to 12 years, though individuals in captivity may live longer. Mortality is highest among juveniles, which are vulnerable to predation, disease, and starvation. Sexual maturity is reached at about one to two years of age.

Do maned wolves live in packs?

No, the maned wolf is a solitary animal. Unlike the pack-living gray wolf, the maned wolf does not form long-term pair bonds or hunt cooperatively. Adult maned wolves maintain large home ranges that they defend against other adults of the same sex. A male and female may share a territory, but they interact primarily during the breeding season.

What diseases affect maned wolves?

Maned wolves are susceptible to a range of infectious diseases and parasitic infections. Molecular surveillance

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References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
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• Natural history of pulmonary embolism.. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 1975.
• Canine paracoccidioidomycosis.. Medical mycology, 2004.
• Barrett's esophagus.. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1983.
• [Larva migrans].. Sante (Montrouge, France), 1995.
• Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs.. Nature, 2022.
• Human toxocariasis.. Communicable disease report. CDR review, 1993.
• Genome sequencing of 2000 canids by the Dog10K consortium advances the understanding of demography, genome function and architecture.. Genome biology, 2023.
• First report of free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) coinfected with Dioctophyma renale and Pearsonema sp. in Brazil.. 2026.
• Isolation and evaluation of antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria by Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp. from the saliva of Speothos venaticus and Chrysocyon brachyurus.. 2026.
• Occurrence of Leishmania spp. in Roadkilled Wild Mammals on Highways in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.. 2025.
• Detection of Ehrlichia canis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus from sylvatic environments in Southern Italy.. 2026.
• Etruscan Wolf Canis etruscus (Canidae, Carnivora) from the Early Pleistocene of Crimea (Taurida Cave).. 2024.
• Genetic diversity of &lt,i&gt,Dioctophyme renale&lt,/i&gt, in Southern South America.. 2025.
• Maned Wolf, The Explorer: Coexistence and Conflicts in the Brazilian Cerrado. Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana Y Caribena, 2025.
• Patterns of fecal gonadal hormone metabolites in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Theriogenology, 2006.
• The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in Argentina. Lessons learned and recommendations for its conservation. Marcela Orozco, Paula González Ciccia and Lucía Soler (eds.). 2015. Felix de Azara Natural History Foundation, Buenos Aires, 280. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 2017.

This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.