How Do Wild Animals Survive Extreme Cold?

Wild animals survive extreme cold through four broad strategies: freeze tolerance, freeze avoidance, metabolic suppression, and behavioral insulation. Freeze-tolerant species such as the wood frog can survive freezing of up to 70% of their body water and remain frozen for months, while freeze-avoiding species produce cryoprotectants or seek microhabitats that stay above freezing. Hibernators such as arctic ground squirrels and dwarf lemurs suppress metabolism and body temperature for weeks to months, and social species such as penguins cluster to reduce heat loss. This article examines the physiological mechanisms, ecological tradeoffs, and practical observations that explain how animals persist in freezing environments, with attention to what farmers, wildlife managers, and researchers can measure and record.

At a Glance: Cold Survival Strategies in Wild Animals

The Spectrum of Cold Survival: From Freeze Tolerance to Freeze Avoidance

Cold survival in animals is not a single adaptation but a spectrum of strategies that vary by species, life stage, and environmental severity. At one end are freeze-tolerant animals that can survive ice formation in their tissues. At the other end are freeze-avoiding animals that prevent ice from forming altogether. Between these extremes lie metabolic suppressors that reduce energy demand and behavioral strategists that modify their environment or social structure.

The wood frog provides the clearest example of vertebrate freeze tolerance. Research using RNA sequencing of wood frog livers during a single freeze-thaw episode found 887 differentially expressed genes across experimental conditions. The highest number of differentially expressed genes corresponded to the time point at which animals reached a full-freezing state, a pattern indicative of the late onset and rapid nature of the freezing response. Upon full freezing, processes related to metabolism and membrane and cell integrity were highly regulated, showcasing the need to depress metabolic rate while simultaneously mobilizing and regulating transport of cryoprotectant molecules into cells. Upon thawing, animals actively recovered by increasing expression of genes related to immunity, heat shock responses, and antioxidant defense. These findings provide evidence that the response is unique to each time point of the freeze-thaw process, and the immediate and substantial regulation of genes at the onset of freezing is consistent with the freeze initiation hypothesis of freeze tolerance.

Freeze tolerance also occurs in invertebrates. The bay mussel (Mytilus trossulus), a bivalve commonly found in intertidal zones along the west coast of North America, risks freezing during low tides in winter. Despite being freeze tolerant, freezing still causes damage. Oxygen consumption measurements before and after single and repeated freezing exposures across three seasons showed that metabolic rates decreased immediately after a single freeze but recovered after 24 hours. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles caused variable effects on metabolic rate depending on the season of exposure, suggesting that periods of recovery between freeze-thaw cycles may mitigate freezing damage. Hypoxia exposure, by contrast, caused an increase in metabolic rate, indicating that the metabolic consequences after freezing are unlikely to be driven by hypoxia stress alone.

Freeze avoidance is the alternative strategy. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae provides a model for understanding genetic adaptation to extreme low temperature. Strains of temperate origin were strikingly more cold-resistant than those isolated from tropical localities. Transcriptional profiling revealed expression patterns unique to the resistant temperate ecotype, including dozens of genes expressed at high levels even after multiple days of cold-induced physiological slowdown. Mutational analysis validated a role in cold resistance for seven such genes, highlighting a candidate case of robust, genetically complex adaptation.

Hibernation and Torpor: Metabolic Suppression as a Survival Strategy

Hibernation is a physiological phenomenon that dramatically reduces basal metabolism and thermogenesis, resulting in a large deviation in body temperature from homeothermic ranges in mammals. The development of standardized analytical tools has improved the ability to measure and interpret hibernation patterns. The Tools of Hibernation Measurement and Interpretation (TOHMIN) program was developed to analyze high-resolution body temperature recordings from data loggers. Proof-of-concept analysis of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) found previously undetectable fine-scale differences in hibernation patterns: different types of diets affected the duration of periodic arousal, females maintained higher body temperatures during periodic arousal than males, and the duration of the pre-hibernation period was negatively correlated with the hibernation period for this species.

The fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) demonstrates that hibernation is not limited to temperate species. In the wild, the dwarf lemurs of Madagascar are obligate hibernators, hibernating between 3 and 7 months a year. In captivity, however, dwarf lemurs generally express torpor for periods far shorter than the hibernation season in Madagascar. When 8 individuals were subjected to husbandry conditions more in accord with those in Madagascar, including alternating photoperiods, low ambient temperatures, and food restriction, all dwarf lemurs displayed daily and multiday torpor bouts, including bouts lasting about 11 days. Ambient temperature was the greatest predictor of torpor bout duration, and food ingestion and night length also played a role. Unlike their wild counterparts, who rarely leave their hibernacula and do not feed during hibernation, captive dwarf lemurs sporadically moved and ate. Facilitating hibernation in captivity enables lemurs to express the biphasic phenotypes of fattening and fat depletion that are characteristic of their wild conspecifics.

Hibernation also affects the gut microbiome. In the Chinese rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus), 16S rRNA gene sequencing across 6 physiological stages showed that alpha diversity followed a pronounced V-shaped trajectory, declining during hibernation and recovering only gradually, remaining suppressed in the early active stage and rebounding markedly by mid-late active stages. Physiological stage explained 34.9% of community variation. Pseudomonadota was the dominant taxon during hibernation, while Bacillota became the most abundant phylum in the active period. Functional predictions showed enrichment of lipid and amino acid metabolism during hibernation, supporting energy maintenance under fasting, while active-phase microbiota were oriented toward carbohydrate metabolism, matching increased energy demands.

Cold-Induced Diapause: A Survival Strategy in Invertebrates

Diapause is a state of arrested development that allows animals to survive adverse conditions. Cold-inducible diapause (CID) has been described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A premature stop codon in heat shock factor 1 (hsf-1) triggers entry into CID at 9 degrees Celsius, whereas wild-type animals enter CID at 4 degrees Celsius. Both wild-type and hsf-1 mutant animals undergoing CID can survive for weeks and resume growth at 20 degrees Celsius. Neural signalling pathways, namely tyraminergic and neuromedin U signalling, regulate entry into CID of the hsf-1 mutant. Overexpression of anti-ageing genes such as hsf-1, XBP1/xbp-1, FOXO/daf-16, Nrf2/skn-1, and TFEB/hlh-30 also inhibits CID entry of the hsf-1 mutant. Genetic screening isolated 16 long-lived mutants among 49 non-CID mutants, and a nonsense mutation of MED23/sur-2 prevents CID entry of the hsf-1 mutant and extends lifespan. CID is a powerful model to investigate neural networks involving cold acclimation and to explore new ageing mechanisms.

The apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) provides an example of hibernation in an aquatic invertebrate. Preparation for oxidative stress (POS) is an adaptive strategy for tolerating adverse environmental conditions that has been demonstrated in over one hundred animals, but the vast majority of the work was done under controlled laboratory conditions and not in nature. A study comparing laboratory and wild conditions found that hibernating wild snails presented increased lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) compared to summer ones, as well as increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and levels of uric acid, while antioxidant capacity (ABTS) decreased in winter animals. In laboratory conditions, hibernating snails also exhibited increased TBARS, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase and a decrease in ABTS levels. Gene expression of Nrf2 increased in laboratory hibernation whereas HIF-1 alpha decreased in field hibernation. The POS phenotype is similar in lab and wild conditions, with hibernating snails exhibiting higher lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in both.

Fasting and Oxidative Stress Management During Cold Periods

Fasting is a component of many species' life history due to environmental factors or behavioral patterns that limit access to food. Despite metabolic and physiological challenges associated with these life history stages, fasting-adapted wild vertebrates exhibit few if any signs of oxidative stress, suggesting that fasting promotes redox homeostasis. Reviews of mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine examples of animals undergoing fasting during prolonged metabolic suppression such as hibernation and estivation, or during energetically demanding processes such as migration and breeding, largely show beneficial effects of fasting on redox balance via limited oxidative damage. Though some species exhibit signs of oxidative stress due to energetically or metabolically extreme processes, fasting wild vertebrates largely buffer themselves from the negative consequences of oxidative damage through specific strategies such as elevating antioxidants, selectively maintaining redox balance in critical tissues, or modifying behavioral patterns.

Research in Drosophila melanogaster supports the relationship between fasting and cold survival. Studies examining fasting effects on survival to cold in FOXO, DIF, autophagy mutants and other genotypes found that fasting increases survival to cold across multiple genetic backgrounds. Related work on mild heat stress and resistance to heat in dFOXO mutants showed that a mild heat stress increases resistance to heat of dFOXO mutants but less in wild-type flies. These findings suggest that metabolic state and stress response pathways interact to determine cold tolerance.

Cold Adaptation in Small Mammals: The House Mouse Model

The house mouse (Mus domesticus) can thrive in natural environments much below its optimum temperature. Thermogenesis is then above that at more usual temperatures. In addition, body weight and the weights of brown adipose tissue and the kidneys may be higher than usual. In free populations of house mice, cold lowers fertility and may prevent breeding. Other possible limiting factors on breeding are food supply, shelter for nesting, and social interactions.

In captivity, wild-type house mice exposed to severe cold around 0 degrees Celsius at first adapt ontogenetically by shivering and reduced activity. But raised thermogenesis is soon achieved without shivering, nest-building improves, and readiness to explore may be enhanced. Endocrine changes probably include, at least initially, a rise in adrenal cortical activity and in catecholamine secretion. Some females become barren, but many remain fertile. The maturity of fertile females is delayed and intervals between births are lengthened, and nestling mortality rises. A limiting factor during lactation may be the capacity of the gut.

Similar adaptive changes are observed during winter in some species of small mammals that do not hibernate. But neither the house mouse nor other species present a single, universal pattern of cold adaptation. Wild-type mice bred for about 10 generations in a warm laboratory environment at 20 to 23 degrees Celsius change little over generations. In cold they become progressively heavier and fatter at all ages, they mature earlier, and nestling mortality declines. The milk of such cold-adapted females is more concentrated than that of controls. If cold-adapted mice are returned to a warm environment, they are more fertile and rear heavier young than controls that remained in the warm.

Freeze Tolerance in Parasites and Pathogens: Implications for Food Safety

Freeze tolerance is not limited to free-living animals. The parasite Trichinella chanchalensis (T13) remains poorly characterized, limiting understanding of its biology, freeze tolerance, and zoonotic potential. Infective first-stage larvae can only be obtained from naturally exposed wildlife in northern North America, which often harbor co-infections with other Trichinella taxa. Next-generation sequencing was used to identify naturally infected wolverines with high proportions of T13 larvae. Larvae were recovered from muscle tissue previously frozen at minus 20 degrees Celsius for up to 15 months and orally inoculated into mice, including immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups, with doses of 21 to 581 larvae.

Establishment and recovery of T. chanchalensis larvae were consistently low, with only two larvae recovered from one mouse in a pure infection and 2 to 913 larvae from immunosuppressed mice as mixed infections, despite good recovery of larvae of T. nativa and Trichinella T6. On repassaging in mice, only two T. chanchalensis larvae were recovered after the second passage. These results suggest poor adaptation of T. chanchalensis to laboratory mice, despite immunosuppression, and lower freeze tolerance of T. chanchalensis compared to T. nativa and Trichinella T6. Differences in cold adaptation among northern Trichinella taxa likely reflect ecological and evolutionary pressures, with T. nativa considered the most freeze tolerant, while T6 and T. chanchalensis exhibit comparatively lower tolerance. Understanding the biology and freeze tolerance of T. chanchalensis is important for food safety and for developing One Health-informed surveillance to protect northern communities reliant on game meat.

Cold-Inducible Molecular Mechanisms: From RNA-Binding Proteins to Cryoprotectants

Molecular research has identified specific proteins and pathways that mediate cold responses. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is one such molecule. In sepsis research, CIRP levels in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid correlate with lactate levels and the severity of post-sepsis acute lung injury. Lactate accumulating during sepsis promotes the lactylation of CIRP in macrophages, leading to the release of CIRP. Once extracellular CIRP is internalized by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells through a Toll-like receptor 4-mediated endocytosis pathway, it competitively binds to Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) and blocks the interaction between ZBP1 and tripartite motif containing 32 (TRIM32), an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting ZBP1 for proteasomal degradation. This interference mechanism stabilizes ZBP1, enhancing ZBP1-receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-dependent endothelial cell PANoptosis, a form of cell death involving the simultaneous activation of multiple cell death pathways.

While CIRP research has focused on disease contexts, the cold-inducible nature of this protein family points to broader roles in cold adaptation. The molecular mechanisms of freeze tolerance in vertebrates involve coordinated regulation of metabolism, membrane integrity, and cryoprotectant transport, as demonstrated in wood frog liver transcriptomics.

Cryopreservation Insights from Domestic Animals Applied to Wildlife

Gamete cryobanking provides a practical application of cold survival principles. Germplasm preservation of animals, whether they are valuable domestic breeds or rare species, is the main goal of gamete cryobanking. Dogs and cats act as models for this purpose thanks to the wide availability of biological material which can be employed to experiment protocols that can then be applied to wild animals. Cryoinjuries affecting cellular structures cause loss of functionality due to cellular alterations. Strategies to protect gametes from damage or rescue their functionality include the use of cryoprotectants and controlled cooling rates. Differences and similarities between single cell and tissue cryopreservation highlight the rationale for the choice of one type of preservation or another and the fundamental principles on which they are based.

Cryoprotectant research in microorganisms also informs understanding of natural freeze tolerance. Melatonin (MT) added at 5 mg/mL as a cryoprotectant maximized the freeze-drying survival rate of Lactobacillus plantarum FQR to 32.04 percent. MT effectively alleviated low-temperature and freeze-drying stress by reducing extracellular alkaline phosphatase activity, enhancing intracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity, and decreasing extracellular beta-galactosidase activity. MT reduced damage to cell wall and membrane structures during lyophilisation, decreased membrane permeability, and preserved cellular physiological functions. MT also supported cellular energy metabolism and protein synthesis, enhanced transmembrane potential to facilitate ATP transport, and helped maintain intracellular and extracellular pH balance. MT increased bound water content, lowered the freezing point of the solution, and inhibited ice crystal formation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and ABC transport systems were the primary pathways affected by MT treatment.

Practical Assessment: Observing and Recording Cold Survival in the Field

For farmers, wildlife managers, and researchers working with animals in cold environments, systematic observation and record keeping are essential. The following steps provide a framework for assessing cold survival strategies in wild or semi-wild populations.

Step 1: Identify the Species and Its Expected Strategy

Determine whether the species is freeze tolerant, freeze avoiding, a metabolic suppressor, or a behavioral strategist. This determination shapes what observations are relevant. For freeze-tolerant species such as wood frogs, monitor for ice formation and recovery after thaw. For hibernators such as ground squirrels, monitor body temperature patterns and arousal frequency. For behavioral strategists such as house mice, monitor nest construction and activity patterns.

Step 2: Measure Environmental Conditions

Record ambient temperature, wind speed, snow depth, and photoperiod. These variables influence which survival strategies are activated. In dwarf lemurs, ambient temperature was the greatest predictor of torpor bout duration. In house mice, cold exposure around 0 degrees Celsius triggered shivering and reduced activity before nonshivering thermogenesis developed.

Step 3: Monitor Physiological Indicators

Where feasible, measure body temperature using data loggers, body weight changes, and reproductive status. Body temperature data can be analyzed using standardized tools such as TOHMIN to quantify hibernation patterns. Body weight changes indicate whether fat reserves are being mobilized. Reproductive status indicates whether cold is suppressing breeding, as observed in house mice where cold lowers fertility and may prevent breeding.

Step 4: Record Behavioral Observations

Document nest-building activity, social clustering, foraging behavior, and activity levels. House mice exposed to severe cold improve nest-building and reduce activity before achieving nonshivering thermogenesis. Penguins cluster to reduce heat loss. These behaviors are observable without specialized equipment.

Step 5: Track Recovery and Reproduction

After cold periods, record survival rates, timing of breeding, and offspring condition. In house mice, cold delays maturity of fertile females, lengthens intervals between births, and raises nestling mortality. In wood frogs, recovery involves increased expression of genes related to immunity, heat shock responses, and antioxidant defense upon thawing.

Records and Measurements: What to Document

Maintain consistent records across seasons and years to identify patterns and anomalies. Useful measurements include:

Common Failure Patterns in Cold Survival Assessment

Several recurring problems undermine accurate assessment of cold survival in wild animals.

Misidentifying Freeze Tolerance as Freeze Avoidance

Species that appear to avoid freezing may actually tolerate partial freezing, or vice versa. The bay mussel is freeze tolerant but still experiences damage from freezing events. Assuming that survival indicates freeze avoidance can lead to incorrect management decisions.

Ignoring Seasonal and Geographic Variation

Cold tolerance varies within species across seasons and locations. Temperate strains of Caenorhabditis briggsae are strikingly more cold-resistant than tropical strains. House mice bred in warm laboratory environments change little over generations but adapt progressively in cold conditions. Assessments based on a single season or location may misrepresent a species' cold survival capacity.

Overlooking Recovery Costs

Freezing and hibernation impose costs that extend beyond the cold period itself. The bay mussel shows decreased metabolic rates immediately after a single freeze that recover after 24 hours. The Chinese rufous horseshoe bat shows delayed restoration of gut microbial diversity after hibernation, with diversity remaining suppressed in the early active stage. Recovery monitoring is essential for complete assessment.

Confusing Laboratory and Field Conditions

Laboratory studies may not reflect field conditions. The apple snail shows similar preparation for oxidative stress phenotypes in laboratory and wild conditions, but gene expression patterns differ, with Nrf2 increasing in laboratory hibernation and HIF-1 alpha decreasing in field hibernation. Captive dwarf lemurs hibernate for shorter periods than wild counterparts unless husbandry conditions are adjusted. Extrapolation from laboratory to field requires caution.

Welfare and Safety Context

Understanding cold survival strategies has direct welfare implications for animals in human care and for wildlife management decisions. For captive animals, providing conditions that allow natural cold responses may improve welfare. Dwarf lemurs housed at the Duke Lemur Center were able to express torpor bouts lasting about 11 days when subjected to husbandry conditions more in accord with those in Madagascar, including alternating photoperiods, low ambient temperatures, and food restriction. Facilitating hibernation serves both husbandry and research goals by enabling lemurs to express the biphasic phenotypes characteristic of their wild conspecifics.

For wildlife managers, recognizing that cold periods impose energetic costs and reproductive suppression informs harvest and conservation decisions. House mice in free populations show reduced fertility in cold conditions, and cold may prevent breeding entirely. Managers should account for reduced reproductive output following severe winters.

For food safety, freeze tolerance in parasites such as Trichinella species has direct implications. While T. nativa is considered the most freeze tolerant, T6 and T. chanchalensis exhibit comparatively lower tolerance. Freezing game meat does not uniformly eliminate parasite risk across all Trichinella taxa. One Health-informed surveillance is needed to protect northern communities reliant on game meat.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Consult a wildlife veterinarian, conservation biologist, or relevant specialist when any of the following conditions are observed:

• Unexplained mortality exceeding expected seasonal patterns in a monitored population
• Reproductive failure persisting beyond one breeding season in a cold-adapted species
• Behavioral changes suggesting distress beyond normal cold responses, such as failure to nest or forage
• Evidence of parasite or pathogen emergence following cold periods, particularly in game species
• Uncertainty about species identification or expected cold survival strategy
• Plans to translocate animals across climatic zones where cold tolerance may differ

Limitations of Current Knowledge

Several gaps remain in understanding cold survival in wild animals. The full set of molecular mechanisms directing the complex freeze-thaw process in wood frogs remains unknown despite transcriptomic studies identifying candidate genes. The energetic costs of freezing in intertidal mussels require further research into the mechanisms behind freeze tolerance. The relationship between cold tolerance and pest resistance in plants, while observed in sugarcane where both borer resistance and cold tolerance are associated, requires further evaluation of potential mechanisms and genetic linkages.

Research on cold survival has historically been conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, and the vast majority of preparation for oxidative stress work has not been done in nature. Studies comparing laboratory and natural conditions, such as the apple snail research, are rare but essential for validating laboratory findings.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do wood frogs survive being frozen?

Wood frogs survive freezing of up to 70% of their body water and remain frozen for months. Transcriptomic analysis of wood frog livers during a single freeze-thaw episode found 887 differentially expressed genes, with the highest number corresponding to the time point at which animals reached a full-freezing state. Upon full freezing, processes related to metabolism and membrane and cell integrity were highly regulated, allowing metabolic rate depression while mobilizing and regulating transport of cryoprotectant molecules into cells. Upon thawing, animals increased expression of genes related to immunity, heat shock responses, and antioxidant defense.

What is the difference between freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance?

Freeze tolerance is the ability to survive ice formation in body tissues, as seen in wood frogs and bay mussels. Freeze avoidance is the prevention of ice formation through supercooling or cryoprotectant production, as seen in cold-resistant nematode strains. Freeze-tolerant species must manage the damage caused by ice formation, while freeze-avoiding species must prevent ice nucleation altogether. The bay mussel demonstrates that freeze tolerance does not mean freezing is harmless, as freezing still causes damage requiring repair.

How long can hibernating animals stay in torpor?

Torpor bout duration varies by species and conditions. Fat-tailed dwarf lemurs in captivity displayed daily and multiday torpor bouts, including bouts lasting about 11 days, when subjected to Madagascar-like conditions. In the wild, dwarf lemurs hibernate between 3 and 7 months a year. Ambient temperature was the greatest predictor of torpor bout duration, with food ingestion and night length also playing a role.

Do all animals in cold regions hibernate?

No. Hibernation is one of several strategies. House mice do not hibernate but adapt through increased thermogenesis, improved nest-building, and reduced activity. Penguins use behavioral insulation through clustering. Freeze-tolerant species such as wood frogs and bay mussels survive freezing directly. The house mouse demonstrates that small mammals can thrive in natural environments much below their optimum temperature without hibernation.

How does cold affect animal reproduction?

Cold generally suppresses reproduction. In free populations of house mice, cold lowers fertility and may prevent breeding. In captivity, wild-type house mice exposed to severe cold around 0 degrees Celsius show delayed maturity of fertile females, lengthened intervals between births, and raised nestling mortality. Some females become barren, but many remain fertile. Cold-adapted mice bred over generations in cold conditions mature earlier and show declining nestling mortality.

Can freezing kill parasites in game meat?

Freezing does not uniformly eliminate parasite risk across all Trichinella taxa. Research on Trichinella chanchalensis found that larvae were recovered from muscle tissue previously frozen at minus 20 degrees Celsius for up to 15 months. T. nativa is considered the most freeze tolerant, while T6 and T. chanchalensis exhibit comparatively lower tolerance. Differences in cold adaptation among northern Trichinella taxa reflect ecological and evolutionary pressures, and One Health-informed surveillance is needed to protect northern communities reliant on game meat.

What role does the gut microbiome play in hibernation?

The gut microbiome undergoes directional restructuring during hibernation. In the Chinese rufous horseshoe bat, gut microbial diversity declined during hibernation and recovered only gradually, remaining suppressed in the early active stage and rebounding by mid-late active stages. Pseudomonadota was the dominant taxon during hibernation, while Bacillota became the most abundant phylum in the active period. Functional predictions showed enrichment of lipid and amino acid metabolism during hibernation, supporting energy maintenance under fasting.

How do animals avoid oxidative damage during cold-induced fasting?

Fasting-adapted wild vertebrates exhibit few if any signs of oxidative stress during hibernation and other fasting periods. They buffer themselves through specific strategies such as elevating antioxidants, selectively maintaining redox balance in critical tissues, or modifying behavioral patterns. The apple snail shows preparation for oxidative stress in both laboratory and wild hibernation conditions, with increased lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in both.

Related Articles

• Kmer Spectrum Analysis
• What Is a Buffer in Biology? Definition and Examples
• What Is a Stimulus in Biology? Definition and Examples
• What Is a Trait in Biology? Definition and Examples
• Carrying Capacity in Biology: Definition and Examples

References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• Mechanism of lactic acidemia-promoted pulmonary endothelial cells death in sepsis: role for CIRP-ZBP1-PANoptosis pathway.. Military Medical Research, 2024.
• Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for H3.3K27M diffuse midline glioma.. Science translational medicine, 2023.
• Redefining piscine lactococcosis.. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2024.
• Wild mice in the cold: some findings on adaptation.. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1989.
• Cold case: Small animal gametes cryobanking.. Theriogenology, 2020.
• Regulatory mechanism of cold-inducible diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans.. Nature communications, 2024.
• Cold Survival and Its Molecular Mechanisms in a Locally Adapted Nematode Population.. Genome biology and evolution, 2021.
• Date yogurt supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103) encapsulated in wild sage (Salvia macrosiphon) mucilage and sodium alginate by extrusion: The survival and viability against the gastrointestinal condition, cold storage, heat, and salt with low pH.. Food science & nutrition, 2024.
• Experimental infection of immunosuppressed mice demonstrates freeze tolerance of Trichinella chanchalensis.. 2026.
• Energetic consequences of single and repeated freezing in the intertidal mussel, Mytilus trossulus.. 2026.
• Integrated Gut-Brain Axis Response to Freezing and Recovery in Freeze-Tolerant Fish, &lt,i&gt,Perccottus glenii&lt,/i&gt,.. 2026.
• Association of sugarcane cold tolerance with stem borer resistance.. 2026.
• The transcriptomics and differential gene expression of freezing and thawing in a freeze-tolerant vertebrate.. 2026.
• Oral Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles Enhance the Metabolic Regulatory Effects of Snow Lotus Polysaccharide in Type 2 Diabetes.. 2026.
• Study on the Freezing Protection Effect of Melatonin on &lt,i&gt,Lactobacillus plantarum&lt,/i&gt, FQR.. 2026.
• Comparison of redox metabolism during hibernation in the Apple snail Pomacea canaliculata under natural and laboratory-controlled conditions.. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology, 2025.
• On the modulation and maintenance of hibernation in captive dwarf lemurs. Scientific Reports, 2021.
• Fasting ameliorates oxidative stress: A review of physiological strategies across life history events in wild vertebrates.. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology, 2021.
• Tools of Hibernation Measurement and Interpretation (TOHMIN) for quantifying various values from body temperature fluctuation during hibernation. bioRxiv, 2024.
• A lagging recovery: the delayed restoration of gut microbial diversity in Rhinolophus sinicus post-hibernation. Animal Microbiome, 2026.
• A mild heat stress increases resistance to heat of dFOXO Drosophila melanogaster mutants but less in wild-type flies. Biogerontology, 2021.
• Fasting increases survival to cold in FOXO, DIF, autophagy mutants and in other genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster. Biogerontology, 2015.

This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.