How Do Farm Animals Survive the Cold?

Farm animals survive cold weather through a combination of physiological adaptations, behavioral responses, and management interventions provided by their caretakers. Cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry each have distinct thermal tolerances, insulation properties, and metabolic strategies that determine their ability to cope with low temperatures. The practical outcome of understanding these mechanisms is the ability to make informed decisions about shelter, nutrition, bedding, and health monitoring during winter months. This article examines the science of cold stress in livestock and provides concrete management guidance for farmers, students, researchers, and life-science professionals.

At a Glance: Critical Temperature Considerations for Common Farm Animals

The thermoneutral zone is the range of ambient temperatures where an animal uses minimal excess energy to maintain body temperature. When temperatures fall below this zone, animals must expend energy to stay warm, which affects feed requirements, growth, and production. The following table summarizes general considerations for common farm species.

Understanding Cold Stress in Livestock

Cold stress occurs when ambient temperature falls below an animal's lower critical temperature, forcing the body to divert energy from production and maintenance toward heat generation. The adaptive capabilities of animals and livestock production systems have been emphasized in biometeorological research, with the key principle being that under cold stress, reduction of heat loss is the primary management tool [3]. This contrasts with heat stress management, where reducing heat load or increasing heat loss takes priority [3].

The thermal environment influences the health, productivity, and welfare of cattle, and animal responses to their thermal environment are extremely varied [4]. Cold stress and heat stress both have a negative influence on cattle welfare and productivity, although research emphasis has historically focused more heavily on heat stress [4]. For farmers, this means that cold weather management requires species-specific knowledge and proactive observation instead of a one-size-fits-all approach.

Environmental stress is not limited to climatic factors but extends to nutrition, housing, and any stimuli that demand a response from the animal to adapt to new circumstances [7]. This broader definition is important because cold stress rarely occurs in isolation. A cow facing cold temperatures, inadequate nutrition, and poor housing conditions simultaneously experiences compounded stress that exceeds the sum of individual stressors.

Physiological Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance

Metabolic Heat Production

Ruminants such as cattle and sheep generate significant internal heat through rumen fermentation. This microbial digestion process produces volatile fatty acids and heat as byproducts, providing a natural internal warming mechanism. When temperatures drop, ruminants increase their feed intake to fuel additional heat production. However, this response has limits, and protein-energy malnutrition can occur when feed is provided in insufficient quantity, quality, or both [8].

The clinical syndrome resulting from protein-energy malnutrition can develop rapidly due to the sudden failure of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the supply of cellular fuels [8]. In ruminants, ruminal microorganisms become malnourished just as their host does, and ruminal maldigestion hastens the onset of clinical signs and makes recovery very difficult and prolonged [8]. This is a critical consideration for winter feeding programs, as poor-quality forage during cold weather can trigger a downward spiral of inadequate nutrition and impaired heat production.

Insulation and Body Condition

The insulating properties of hair coats, wool, and subcutaneous fat vary significantly among species and breeds. Cattle with thick winter coats and adequate body condition scores are better equipped to handle cold snaps than thin-coated or underconditioned animals. Sheep wool provides excellent insulation, but heavy fleece can become a liability during unseasonably warm periods or when wet and matted.

Body condition scoring before winter is a practical management tool. Animals entering winter with inadequate body condition reserves are at higher risk of cold stress because they lack the fat stores needed to supplement dietary energy during extreme cold events. The most productive animals, such as those with the highest growth rates or milk production, are at greatest risk of thermal stress and require the most attention [3].

Behavioral Adaptations

Animals employ behavioral strategies to reduce heat loss. Cattle and sheep seek shelter from wind, huddle together to share body heat, and orient themselves away from prevailing winds. Pigs, which have limited hair cover, will burrow into deep bedding and huddle closely. Poultry fluff their feathers to trap air and may reduce activity to conserve energy.

Flocking and herding behaviors are particularly important for sheep in extensive systems. Temperature extremes have caused periodic heat-associated or cold-induced hypothermia losses in extensive sheep farming, requiring increased vigilance and careful management [9]. Recognizing normal behavioral responses to cold versus signs of distress is an essential skill for livestock caretakers.

Species-Specific Cold Management

Cattle

Cattle are relatively cold-tolerant due to their large body mass, rumen fermentation heat, and ability to grow a thick winter coat. However, cold stress still poses significant risks, particularly for dairy cattle, young calves, and animals in poor body condition.

For beef cattle on pasture or in drylots, the primary management considerations are wind protection, dry bedding, and increased energy intake during cold events. Windbreaks can be natural or constructed and should be positioned to block prevailing winter winds. Dry bedding areas allow cattle to lie down and preserve body heat instead of losing it to cold, wet ground.

Dairy cattle face additional challenges because lactation places high metabolic demands on the animal. Milk production requires substantial energy, and cold stress can reduce milk yield as the body prioritizes heat generation over milk synthesis. The impact of the thermal environment on cattle health, productivity, and welfare is clear, and managing livestock to reduce negative impacts remains challenging [4].

Calves are particularly vulnerable to cold stress due to their smaller body mass and limited fat reserves. Ensuring adequate colostrum intake is critical, as neonatal ruminants may be severely affected by protein-energy malnutrition if they do not receive sufficient colostrum and milk [8]. Calves need dry, draft-free housing with deep bedding during cold weather.

Sheep

Sheep are well adapted to cold climates due to their wool insulation, but management challenges remain. The wool that protects adult sheep from cold can also create problems if it becomes wet and matted, losing its insulating properties. Shearing timing is an important management decision, with many producers scheduling shearing to allow sufficient wool regrowth before winter.

The high ovine peri-parturient losses traditionally observed in extensive sheep farming require particular attention during winter lambing operations [9]. Newborn lambs have limited energy reserves and are highly susceptible to hypothermia. Providing sheltered lambing areas, ensuring adequate colostrum intake, and monitoring ewes in late pregnancy for body condition are essential practices.

Ewes in late pregnancy have increased nutritional requirements due to fetal growth and the energy demands of wool production. Underfeeding during this period can lead to pregnancy toxemia, a metabolic disorder that is difficult to treat once clinical signs appear. Changes in management that ensure adequate feed intake, minimize cold and social stress, and meet the animal's specific nutritional requirements will prevent protein-energy malnutrition and maximize production [8].

Pigs

Pigs are the least cold-tolerant of the common farm species due to their limited hair coat and minimal subcutaneous fat in many breeds. Outdoor and pasture-raised pigs require substantial shelter and bedding to survive winter conditions. Deep straw bedding allows pigs to burrow and create warm microclimates within their housing.

Indoor pig housing must balance temperature management with ventilation. While pigs need warmth, ammonia accumulation from manure can become a significant problem in tightly sealed winter housing. Controlling low ambient temperatures and ammonia levels is critical for effective environmental management in poultry houses during winter, and similar principles apply to pig housing [5].

Neonatal piglets are at extreme risk of cold stress due to their small size, limited energy reserves, and lack of insulating fat. Farrowing areas must provide supplemental heat sources such as heat lamps or heated pads while allowing the sow to remain in a comfortable environment. Cold-induced mortality in piglets is a major economic concern for swine producers.

Poultry

Poultry have high metabolic rates and feather insulation that provides good cold tolerance, but they face unique challenges in winter housing. The primary management tension in poultry houses is balancing the need for warmth with the need for ventilation to remove moisture, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.

Research on laying hens has demonstrated that both cold and ammonia stress reduce antioxidant capacity, disrupt immune homeostasis, and alter reproductive hormone profiles [5]. Cold exposure induced acute immunoendocrine alterations with partial physiological adaptation over time, whereas ammonia exerted progressive and cumulative damage [5]. Combined exposure significantly upregulated inflammatory markers, suggesting a synergistic inflammatory response [5].

This research has direct implications for poultry house management. Farmers must monitor both temperature and air quality, recognizing that the two factors interact. A house that is kept warm but poorly ventilated may cause more harm than a slightly cooler house with adequate air exchange. The study used temperatures of 8 °C for cold stress and 20 °C for control conditions, with ammonia levels of 5, 20, and 45 ppm, providing reference points for environmental monitoring [5].

Broiler production in humid subtropical regions faces unique environmental challenges that compromise carcass quality, welfare, and food security [14]. While this research focused on heat effects, it demonstrates that environmental conditions during the initial stages of rearing are associated with final carcass quality [14]. Similar principles apply to cold stress, where early-life conditions can have lasting effects on bird health and productivity.

Nutrition and Feeding Strategies for Cold Weather

Energy Requirements

Cold stress increases maintenance energy requirements because the animal must generate additional body heat. Farmers must adjust feeding programs to account for this increased demand. The general principle is to increase feed quantity and quality during cold events, particularly for animals on maintenance or production diets.

For ruminants, the quality of forage becomes especially important during winter. Low-quality forage may not provide sufficient energy for both maintenance and heat production, leading to body condition loss. Protein-energy malnutrition occurs when feed is provided to ruminant livestock in insufficient quantity, quality, or both [8]. The diagnosis of protein-energy malnutrition in an individual animal usually indicates a herd or flock problem that requires immediate attention [8].

Water Availability

Frozen water sources are a common winter management challenge. Animals that cannot access adequate water will reduce feed intake, compounding the nutritional challenges of cold weather. Heated waterers, tank heaters, and regular breaking of ice are essential management practices. Water intake is particularly critical for lactating animals, as milk production requires substantial water consumption.

Feed Quality and Storage

Winter feed quality depends on proper harvest and storage practices from the previous growing season. Poorly fermented silage or moldy hay can reduce feed intake and cause health problems. The ability of ruminants to digest grass clippings harvested from lawns has been demonstrated as a potential winter livestock feed, with silage quality comparable to common types of silage [16]. This research suggests that alternative feed sources can supplement traditional winter forage supplies, though farmers should evaluate quality and palatability before large-scale adoption [16].

Nutritional manipulations to optimize productivity during environmental stresses in livestock are an active area of research [27]. Farmers should work with nutritionists to develop winter feeding programs that account for increased energy demands while maintaining appropriate protein, mineral, and vitamin levels.

Shelter and Housing Considerations

Wind Protection

Wind is one of the most significant factors in cold stress because it removes the insulating layer of warm air around an animal's body. Windbreaks can reduce wind speed and create protected microclimates. Natural windbreaks such as tree lines and topographic features can be supplemented with constructed barriers.

The effectiveness of wind protection depends on proper placement and design. Windbreaks should be positioned to block prevailing winter winds while allowing air movement during warmer periods. For cattle on pasture, three-sided shelters that open away from prevailing winds provide protection while allowing animals to come and go freely.

Bedding and Dry Resting Areas

Dry bedding is essential for cold weather management because wet conditions dramatically increase heat loss. Straw, wood shavings, and other absorbent materials provide insulation and keep animals dry. Deep bedding systems allow animals to nest and create warm microclimates.

Bedding management requires regular attention. Wet, soiled bedding should be removed and replaced to maintain its insulating properties. The labor and material costs of bedding should be factored into winter management budgets.

Ventilation and Air Quality

Indoor housing presents a tension between retaining heat and maintaining air quality. Poorly ventilated buildings accumulate moisture, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and other pollutants that harm animal health. Research on laying hens has shown that ammonia exposure causes progressive and cumulative damage, including elevated immunoglobulins and downregulation of reproductive hormone expression [5].

Ventilation systems should be designed to remove moisture and gases while minimizing drafts at animal level. In cold weather, ventilation rates may need to be reduced to maintain temperature, but not to the point where air quality deteriorates. Monitoring both temperature and air quality is essential for effective environmental management [5].

Species-Specific Housing Needs

Cattle and sheep can generally tolerate outdoor conditions with adequate wind protection and dry bedding, though young, sick, or underconditioned animals may need access to barns. Pigs require more substantial shelter due to their limited cold tolerance. Poultry are typically housed indoors, where temperature and ventilation must be carefully balanced.

The design of an Emergency Medical Team cache for extreme cold weather in Mongolia provides an example of how specialized equipment and planning are needed for extreme conditions [22]. While this example is from human healthcare, the principle of context-specific preparation applies to livestock operations in regions that experience severe winter weather [22].

Monitoring and Early Detection of Cold Stress

Behavioral Observations

Early detection of cold stress allows farmers to intervene before animals experience significant health or production losses. Behavioral signs of cold stress include:

• Huddling or crowding together
• Shivering
• Reduced activity and feed intake
• Seeking shelter or windbreaks
• Reluctance to move or rise

Animals that are shivering are expending significant energy on heat production and may be at risk of body condition loss. Persistent shivering despite adequate shelter and nutrition indicates that management interventions are needed.

Physical Signs

Physical examination can reveal signs of cold stress and related health problems. Frostbite may affect ears, tails, combs, and other extremities. Hypothermia causes reduced body temperature, lethargy, and eventually recumbency. The development of clinical signs such as recumbency and hypothermia may occur rapidly owing to the sudden failure of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the supply of cellular fuels [8].

Body condition scoring should be performed regularly during winter to identify animals that are losing condition. Animals that become recumbent due to cold stress or malnutrition have a poor prognosis, as treatment will likely be difficult and unsuccessful [8].

Production Records

Production records provide objective indicators of cold stress. Declines in milk yield, egg production, or weight gain can signal that animals are diverting energy toward heat production. Feed intake records can reveal reduced consumption, which may indicate health problems or feed palatability issues.

Monitoring systems are being developed to improve cold stress detection in livestock. A multi-source edge-cloud IoT-based Decision Support System has been developed and validated for real-time cold stress detection and management in dairy buffalo farming [23]. Similar systems using heterogeneous data, IoT sensors, and milking robot information have been explored [24]. Dynamic recognition of cold stress in sheep based on multisource data represents a new paradigm for intelligent thermal environment management [25]. While these technologies are not yet widely available on commercial farms, they indicate the direction of future cold stress management.

Common Failure Patterns in Winter Livestock Management

Inadequate Nutrition

The most common failure in winter livestock management is inadequate nutrition. Farmers may underestimate the increased energy requirements caused by cold stress or may be feeding poor-quality forage that cannot meet animal needs. Protein-energy malnutrition can develop rapidly and is difficult to reverse once clinical signs appear [8].

Prevention requires regular body condition scoring, feed testing, and adjustment of rations based on weather conditions and animal status. If an affected individual is already recumbent, treatment will likely be difficult and unsuccessful, making prevention the primary strategy [8].

Poor Shelter Design

Shelter that is poorly designed or positioned can be worse than no shelter at all. Shelters that create drafts, become wet and muddy, or are too small for the number of animals can increase cold stress instead of reduce it. Shelters should be sized appropriately, positioned to block prevailing winds, and maintained to provide dry, clean conditions.

Ventilation Problems

In an effort to keep buildings warm, farmers may reduce ventilation to the point where air quality deteriorates. Ammonia accumulation can cause respiratory problems and suppress immune function. Research has shown that ammonia exerts progressive and cumulative damage, including elevated immunoglobulins and downregulation of reproductive hormone expression [5]. Combined cold and ammonia exposure significantly upregulated inflammatory markers, suggesting a synergistic inflammatory response [5].

Inadequate Water Supply

Frozen water sources can cause dehydration and reduced feed intake. Animals that cannot drink adequately will not eat adequately, compounding nutritional challenges. Regular checking of water systems and having backup plans for power outages are essential winter management practices.

Delayed Intervention

Waiting too long to intervene when animals show signs of cold stress can turn manageable problems into emergencies. Animals that become recumbent due to cold stress or malnutrition have a poor prognosis [8]. Farmers should have clear criteria for when to move animals to sheltered housing, provide supplemental heat, or call a veterinarian.

Health and Disease Considerations in Cold Weather

Immune Function and Disease Susceptibility

Cold stress can suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. Research has shown that cold stress is a significant environmental stimulus that negatively affects the health, production, and welfare of animals and birds [6]. Cold stress can induce oxidative stress and promote inflammatory responses [6].

The seasonal patterns of viral diseases in farm animals present significant challenges to global livestock productivity, with cold stress emerging as a potential modulator of host-pathogen interactions [13]. Cold-induced heat shock protein 70 overexpression in essential organs may affect virus life cycles, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus [13]. This research suggests that cold stress may play a role in the seasonality of viral disease outbreaks [13].

Hypothermia and Frostbite

Hypothermia occurs when an animal's body temperature falls below normal levels due to excessive heat loss or inadequate heat production. Newborn animals are particularly susceptible due to their small size and limited energy reserves. Frostbite affects extremities such as ears, tails, and combs, causing tissue damage that can lead to necrosis and secondary infection.

Respiratory Disease

Cold air and poor ventilation can contribute to respiratory disease in livestock. The combination of cold stress and ammonia exposure has been shown to disrupt immune homeostasis in laying hens [5]. Farmers should monitor for coughing, nasal discharge, and reduced feed intake, which may indicate respiratory disease.

Food Safety Considerations

Cold weather management practices can affect food safety. Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous Gram-positive bacterium responsible for listeriosis, a foodborne zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals [11]. While infection in immunocompetent individuals is often asymptomatic or limited to mild self-limiting gastroenteritis, Listeria monocytogenes may cause severe invasive disease in vulnerable groups [11]. The evolutionary success of L. monocytogenes reflects the interaction between a conserved core genome and a dynamic accessory genome shaped by horizontal gene transfer, ecological selection, and expansion of specific clones [11].

The complex, dynamic microbiota that inhabits cheese and cheesemaking environments can move across the dairy chain, from the microbiomes of production animals through humans and environments with which they interact [12]. These interactions may contribute to the dissemination of beneficial bacteria that enhance cheese quality, but they also promote the spread of pathogenic strains along with their genetic determinants of virulence and antibiotic resistance across the milk and cheese production chain [12].

Farmers should maintain good hygiene practices during winter, when animals may be housed more intensively and manure accumulation can increase pathogen loads. Listeria prevalence, virulence, and adaptations associated with leafy vegetables from small-scale farms and their journey to markets demonstrate the importance of understanding pathogen ecology across the farm-to-consumer continuum [15].

Professional Escalation Criteria

Farmers should seek professional assistance when they encounter situations beyond their expertise or when animals do not respond to standard management interventions. The following criteria indicate the need for veterinary consultation:

• Animals that become recumbent and cannot rise
• Multiple animals showing signs of illness simultaneously
• Significant declines in production that persist despite management changes
• Signs of frostbite or hypothermia that do not respond to warming measures
• Uncertainty about diagnosis or treatment of health problems

If the affected individual is already recumbent, treatment will likely be difficult and unsuccessful, making early intervention essential [8]. Definitive diagnosis of primary protein-energy malnutrition requires necropsy of an affected animal, and diagnosis in an individual animal usually indicates a herd or flock problem that requires immediate attention [8].

Risk management in livestock production involves considering perceived thermal challenges, assessing the potential consequences, and acting accordingly [3]. The most important element of proactive environmental management to reduce risk is preparation: be informed, develop a strategic plan, observe and recognize animals in distress, and take appropriate tactical action [3].

Welfare and Safety Context

Cold stress has significant welfare implications for farm animals. The thermal environment influences the health, productivity, and welfare of cattle [4]. Cold stress is a significant environmental stimulus that negatively affects the health, production, and welfare of animals and birds [6]. Farmers have both ethical and economic reasons to provide appropriate cold weather management.

The extensive livestock production industries face increasingly complex welfare challenges, and meeting increasingly high welfare standards is challenging [9]. Temperature extremes have caused periodic heat-associated or cold-induced hypothermia losses, requiring increased vigilance and careful management [9]. Continuing improvements to extensively raised livestock welfare are desirable, necessary, and in some situations mandatory [9].

Farmer health and safety are also considerations during winter livestock management. Certain physical and mental health issues are particularly prevalent in farming occupations, yet farmers, particularly males, are frequently resistant to seeking help from primary care practitioners [17]. The physical demands of winter livestock care, including long hours outdoors in cold conditions, can take a toll on farmer health. Collaboration between livestock auction marts and primary healthcare services has been shown to allow access to a hard-to-reach demographic in terms of healthcare [17].

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the thermoneutral zone for farm animals?

The thermoneutral zone is the range of ambient temperatures in which minimal excess energy requirements are used to maintain body temperature [10]. Within this zone, animals do not need to expend additional energy for heating or cooling. The specific temperature range varies by species, breed, age, coat condition, and acclimatization. When temperatures fall below the lower critical temperature of the thermoneutral zone, animals must increase heat production, which requires additional feed energy.

How much more feed do animals need in cold weather?

Cold stress increases maintenance energy requirements, meaning animals need more feed to maintain body condition and production. The exact increase depends on the severity of cold, wind exposure, coat condition, and animal status. Farmers should monitor body condition scores and adjust feeding programs accordingly. Working with a nutritionist to develop winter feeding programs is recommended, as nutritional manipulations can optimize productivity during environmental stresses in livestock [27].

What are the first signs of cold stress in livestock?

Early signs of cold stress include shivering, huddling, reduced activity, and seeking shelter. Animals may reduce feed intake and show declines in production. Persistent shivering despite adequate shelter and nutrition indicates that management interventions are needed. Farmers should monitor animals regularly during cold events and intervene when signs of cold stress are observed.

How can I prevent frostbite in my livestock?

Frostbite prevention focuses on reducing heat loss from extremities and ensuring adequate circulation. Providing dry, draft-free shelter, deep bedding, and wind protection helps animals preserve body heat. Ensuring adequate nutrition and water intake supports metabolic heat production. Animals with frostbite on ears, tails, or other extremities should be evaluated by a veterinarian, as tissue damage can lead to necrosis and secondary infection.

Is it better to keep animals inside or outside during winter?

The answer depends on the species, facility design, and weather conditions. Cattle and sheep can generally tolerate outdoor conditions with adequate wind protection and dry bedding. Pigs require more substantial shelter due to their limited cold tolerance. Poultry are typically housed indoors, where temperature and ventilation must be carefully balanced. Indoor housing must maintain adequate air quality, as ammonia accumulation can cause progressive and cumulative damage [5].

How does cold stress affect milk production in dairy cattle?

Cold stress can reduce milk yield as the body prioritizes heat generation over milk synthesis. The thermal environment influences the health, productivity, and welfare of cattle [4]. Dairy cattle have high metabolic demands due to lactation, and cold stress compounds these demands. Ensuring adequate energy intake, providing wind protection, and maintaining dry bedding are key management strategies for maintaining milk production during cold weather.

What should I do if an animal becomes recumbent due to cold stress?

Recumbency due to cold stress or malnutrition has a poor prognosis, and treatment will likely be difficult and unsuccessful [8]. Immediate veterinary consultation is essential. The animal should be moved to a warm, dry area and provided with appropriate supportive care as directed by a veterinarian. Recumbency in one animal usually indicates a herd or flock problem that requires immediate attention [8].

How does cold stress affect disease susceptibility in livestock?

Cold stress can suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. Research has shown that cold stress is a significant environmental stimulus that negatively affects the health, production, and welfare of animals and birds [6]. Cold-induced heat shock protein 70 overexpression may affect virus life cycles, suggesting that cold stress may play a role in the seasonality of viral disease outbreaks [13]. Maintaining good nutrition, reducing stress, and monitoring for signs of disease are important during winter months.

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References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges.. International journal of biometeorology, 2007.
• The Impact of Heat Load on Cattle.. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2019.
• Physiological Responses of Laying Hens to Chronic Cold Stress and Ammonia Exposure: Implications for Environmental Management and Poultry Welfare.. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2025.
• Omics analysis of the effect of cold normal saline stress through gastric gavage on LPS induced mice.. Frontiers in microbiology, 2023.
• Environmental stress effects on bovine reproduction.. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 1993.
• Protein-energy malnutrition in ruminants.. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 1988.
• Progress With Livestock Welfare in Extensive Production Systems: Lessons From Australia.. Frontiers in veterinary science, 2021.
• Mitigating Impacts of Environmental Extremes in Ruminant Animals.. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 2025.
• Horizontal Gene Transfer in &lt,i&gt,Listeria monocytogenes&lt,/i&gt,: Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in a One Health Context.. 2026.
• Cheese and Its Microbes Under the Light of One Health-A Comprehensive Review.. 2026.
• Heat Shock Protein 70 in Cold-Stressed Farm Animals: Implications for Viral Disease Seasonality.. 2025.
• Environmental drivers of broiler carcass condemnation in humid subtropical regions: an exploratory study on the association of lagged climatic effects.. 2026.
• Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii Virulence and Adaptations Associated with Leafy Vegetables from Small-Scale Farm and a Shift of Microbiota to a New Niche at Markets: A Systematic Review.. 2025.
• Organic Lawn Clipping Silage as a Potential Livestock Feed. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 2025.
• The role of the livestock auction mart in promoting help-seeking behavior change among farmers in the UK. BMC Public Health, 2022.
• Winter livestock care. 2010.
• [Timely performance of autumn care and preparation of livestock for winter].. Veterinariia, 1968.
• Effect of grazing intensity on plant-parasitic nematodes in an integrated crop-livestock system with low plant diversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Applied Soil Ecology, 2021.
• Cornelius P. Lott and his Contribution to the Temporal Salvation of the Latter-day Saint Pioneers Through the Care of Livestock. 2005.
• Designing an EMT Cache for Extreme Cold Weather in Mongolia. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 2025.
• Development and validation of a multi-source edge-cloud IoT-based Decision Support System for real-time cold stress detection and management in dairy buffalo farming. Measurement Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 2026.
• Multi-Source Decision Support System for Cold Stress Management in Dairy Buffalo Farming Using Heterogeneous Data, IoT Sensors, and Milking Robot Information: Development and Validation. Conference Proceedings 2025 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry Metroagrifor 2025, 2025.
• A new paradigm for intelligent thermal environment management: dynamic recognition of cold stress in sheep based on multisource data. Information Processing in Agriculture, 2026.
• Research Progress of Oxidative Stress Damage on Livestock Tissues and Organs Associated with Antioxidative Stress Mechanism of Nuclear Factor E2 Related Factor 2-Antioxidant Response Element Signaling Pathway. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020.
• Nutritional manipulations to optimize productivity during environmental stresses in livestock. Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production, 2012.

This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.