Are Bats Mammals? The Only Flying Mammals

Bats belong to the order Chiroptera and are mammals by every biological definition. They have hair, produce milk for their young, give live birth, are warm-blooded, and possess a four-chambered heart. Bats are the only mammals capable of true powered flight, a distinction that sets them apart from other mammals that only glide. This article explains the mammalian traits of bats, their unique flight capability, their echolocation systems, and their diversity, with practical context for students, researchers, life-science professionals, and informed general readers.

What Makes an Animal a Mammal

Mammals share a set of defining characteristics that distinguish them from birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. These traits are not optional features but required biological criteria. Bats meet every one of them.

Hair or Fur

All mammals have hair at some stage of their life cycle. Bats have fur covering their bodies, with variations in density and color across species. The fur provides insulation and helps regulate body temperature. Some bat species have specialized hairs on their faces that aid in sensory perception. The presence of fur is a primary diagnostic feature when identifying a mammal.

Mammary Glands and Milk Production

Female mammals possess mammary glands that produce milk to nourish their young. Bats are no exception. A mother bat nurses her pup with milk until the pup is old enough to forage on its own. This maternal investment is energetically costly and is a defining mammalian behavior. The word "mammal" itself derives from "mamma," meaning breast, underscoring the importance of this trait.

Live Birth

With few exceptions, mammals give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. Bats give live birth, typically producing one pup per litter, though some species may have twins. The gestation period varies by species and can be influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature and food availability. After birth, the pup clings to its mother's fur and is carried during early development.

Warm-Blooded Metabolism

Mammals are endothermic, meaning they generate their own body heat through metabolic processes. Bats maintain a high and relatively constant body temperature when active. However, many bat species can enter torpor, a state of reduced metabolic activity and lowered body temperature, to conserve energy during cold periods or when food is scarce. This ability to regulate body temperature is a mammalian trait, even when the regulation involves temporary lowering.

Four-Chambered Heart

Mammals have a four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles, ensuring complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Bats possess this same cardiac structure. The efficient circulatory system supports the high oxygen demands of flight, which is one of the most energetically expensive forms of locomotion in the animal kingdom.

The Only Mammals That Fly

True flight is distinct from gliding. Gliding animals, such as flying squirrels and colugos, extend membranes and descend through the air but cannot generate lift or thrust. Bats achieve true powered flight by flapping their wings, which are modified forelimbs.

Wing Structure

A bat's wing consists of a thin membrane called the patagium, stretched between elongated finger bones. The wing membrane extends from the body to the fingers and often between the legs and tail. This structure allows bats to control their flight with remarkable precision. The bones of a bat's wing are lighter and more flexible than those of birds, and the membrane can be adjusted to change wing shape during flight.

Flight Mechanics

Bats generate lift by flapping their wings in a complex motion that involves both downstroke and upstroke. The downstroke provides the primary lift and thrust, while the upstroke is adjusted to reduce drag. Bats can hover, maneuver in tight spaces, and change direction rapidly. This agility is essential for catching insects in midair, navigating through dense vegetation, and landing on varied surfaces.

Energetic Demands

Flight requires a high metabolic rate. Bats have evolved physiological adaptations to meet these demands, including a large heart relative to body size and efficient oxygen transport. The high metabolic rate during flight also generates heat, which bats manage through their circulatory system and by adjusting blood flow to the wing membranes.

Comparison with Other Flying Animals

Birds and insects also fly, but they are not mammals. Pterosaurs, now extinct, were flying reptiles. Among living mammals, bats are unique in their ability to fly. Other mammals that appear to fly, such as flying squirrels, are gliders. The distinction matters in biology because flight has evolved independently in different animal groups, and the bat version is a mammalian solution to the challenge of powered flight.

Echolocation and Sensory Systems

Many bat species use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the dark. Echolocation is an active sensory system in which the bat emits high-frequency sounds and listens to the echoes that bounce back from objects in the environment.

How Echolocation Works

A bat produces calls through its larynx and emits them through its mouth or nose. The sound waves travel outward and reflect off objects such as insects, branches, and walls. The bat hears the returning echoes and processes the timing, frequency, and amplitude to determine the location, size, shape, and movement of the object. This process happens rapidly, allowing bats to detect and capture prey in complete darkness.

Call Types and Frequencies

Echolocation calls vary by species and by situation. Some bats emit constant-frequency calls, while others use frequency-modulated calls that sweep across a range of pitches. The choice of call type affects the information the bat can extract. Constant-frequency calls are useful for detecting moving targets and measuring relative speed, while frequency-modulated calls provide detailed information about the texture and distance of objects.

Neural Processing

The bat brain processes echolocation signals with remarkable speed and accuracy. Specialized neurons in the auditory system are tuned to specific frequencies and time delays. This neural machinery allows bats to distinguish between echoes from prey and echoes from background clutter. Research on bat neurophysiology has explored how frequency-modulating bats classify echoes to distinguish plants and other objects in their environment, as documented in the research progress in neurophysiological mechanism underlying distinguishing plants through classification of echoes in frequency modulation bats.

Species Identification Through Calls

Because echolocation calls are species-specific, researchers can identify bat species by recording and analyzing their calls. Modern tools use machine learning to classify bat calls automatically. For example, the Bat2Web framework uses a compact convolutional neural network to identify bat species from echolocation signals with high accuracy, enabling real-time acoustic monitoring. Similarly, the BattyCoda software provides an open-access tool for annotating and classifying bat communication calls, which are more varied and harder to capture than echolocation calls. These tools support conservation efforts and ecological studies by making acoustic data easier to interpret.

Diversity of Bats

Bats are the second most diverse order of mammals after rodents. The order Chiroptera accounts for over 20 percent of all mammalian species, as noted in the review of diverse hosts and diverse immune systems in bat immunology. This diversity spans a wide range of body sizes, diets, habitats, and behaviors.

Suborders

Bats are divided into two suborders: Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera. This classification is based on genetic evidence and reflects evolutionary relationships. The two suborders differ in some aspects of their biology, including echolocation mechanisms and geographic distribution.

Diets and Feeding Strategies

Bat diets are highly varied. Insectivorous bats catch flying insects on the wing. Frugivorous bats eat fruit and play a role in seed dispersal. Nectar-feeding bats pollinate flowers. Carnivorous bats may eat small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and fish. Some bats are sanguinivorous, feeding on blood, though these species are limited to the Americas. This dietary diversity influences bat ecology and their interactions with plants and other animals.

Geographic Distribution

Bats are found on every continent except Antarctica. They occupy a wide range of habitats, from tropical rainforests to deserts and temperate forests. The greatest bat diversity occurs in tropical regions, where food is available year-round. Some species migrate seasonally to follow food resources or to reach suitable roosting sites.

Body Size Variation

Bat body sizes range from the tiny bumblebee bat, which weighs about two grams, to the large flying foxes with wingspans exceeding 1.5 meters. This size range reflects different ecological niches and flight strategies. Smaller bats tend to be insectivorous and agile, while larger bats often feed on fruit and nectar and may travel long distances to find food.

Bat Genomics and Evolutionary Adaptations

Recent advances in genomics have provided insights into the molecular basis of bat adaptations. Reference-quality genomes of multiple bat species have been assembled, allowing researchers to study the genetic changes that underlie flight, echolocation, longevity, and immunity.

Genome Sequencing Projects

The generation of six reference-quality bat genomes, described in the study Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations, incorporated long-read sequencing and advanced scaffolding protocols. The genomes represent species from key divergent lineages, including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Phyllostomus discolor, Myotis myotis, Pipistrellus kuhlii, and Molossus molossus. These genomes provide a foundation for understanding the genetic basis of bat-specific traits.

Phylogenetic Position

Phylogenetic analyses of protein-coding genes and conserved noncoding elements have helped resolve the evolutionary position of bats within the mammalian tree. The evidence supports a basal origin for bats within Scrotifera, a group that includes carnivores, pangolins, whales, and hoofed mammals. This finding clarifies the evolutionary relationships among major mammalian lineages.

Selection on Hearing-Related Genes

Genome-wide screens have revealed positive selection on hearing-related genes in the ancestral branch of bats. This selection is consistent with laryngeal echolocation being an ancestral trait in the clade. The genetic changes affected genes involved in auditory processing, supporting the idea that echolocation evolved early in bat history and was refined over time.

Immunity-Related Gene Changes

Bat genomes show selection and loss of immunity-related genes, including pro-inflammatory NF-kB regulators, and expansions of antiviral APOBEC3 genes. These changes may contribute to the exceptional immunity of bats, allowing them to host viruses without showing disease. The preprint Six new reference-quality bat genomes illuminate the molecular basis and evolution of bat adaptations describes these findings in detail, including the identification of integrated viruses that provide a genomic record of historical tolerance to viral infection.

MicroRNA Variation

Bat-specific variation in microRNAs has been identified and experimentally validated. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. The bat-specific microRNAs may regulate gene-expression programs that contribute to bat adaptations, including flight and immunity.

Bats as Viral Reservoirs

Bats are natural reservoirs for a large number of viruses, including some that cause disease in humans and livestock. Understanding this role is important for public health, veterinary medicine, and wildlife management.

Viral Diversity in Bats

Bats harbor over 4,400 viruses across 110 recognized viral families, as summarized in the review of viral reservoir dynamics in bats and interactions with vectors. This diversity is attributed to the high species diversity of bats, their long lifespans, and their unique physiological adaptations. The tolerance of bats to viral infections without clinical disease is linked to constitutive interferon-alpha activity, high metabolic rates during flight, and tightly regulated inflammatory responses.

Coronaviruses in Bats

Bats are presumed reservoirs of diverse coronaviruses, including progenitors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The study Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China used a Bayesian statistical framework and a large sequence dataset, including 589 novel coronavirus sequences, to study macroevolution, cross-species transmission, and dispersal. The analysis found that host-switching occurs more frequently and across more distantly related host taxa in alpha-coronaviruses than in beta-coronaviruses. Inter-family and inter-genus switching is most common in Rhinolophidae and the genus Rhinolophus.

Origins of SARS Viruses

Phylogenetic analysis suggests a likely origin for SARS-CoV-2 in Rhinolophus species bats. The study The recency and geographical origins of the bat viruses ancestral to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 found that the closest-inferred bat virus ancestors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 existed less than a decade prior to their emergence in humans. Phylogeographic analyses show that bat sarbecoviruses traveled at rates approximating their horseshoe bat hosts and circulated in Asia for millennia. The direct ancestors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are unlikely to have reached their respective sites of emergence via dispersal in the bat reservoir alone, supporting interactions with intermediate hosts through wildlife trade playing a role in zoonotic spillover.

Geographic Structure of Bat SARS-Related Coronaviruses

The genetic diversity of SARS-related coronaviruses discovered in bats provides insights into the bat origin of human SARS. The study Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses introduced the genetic diversity of these viruses and analyzed their viral geographical structure, which may improve understanding of their evolution.

Other Bat-Borne Viruses

Bats also harbor lyssaviruses, including Lagos bat virus, which was the first rabies-related virus described in 1956. The review Lagos Bat Virus, an Under-Reported Rabies-Related Lyssavirus notes that this virus is endemic to the African continent and is rarely encountered. Several exposures to rabid bats infected with Lagos bat virus have been reported, but no known human cases have been documented to date.

Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus is a bat-originated virus that causes severe disease in piglets. The study Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus-related viruses from bats show potential interspecies infection sequenced the spike genes of bat SADS-related coronaviruses and classified them into four genotypes. Recombinant viruses could replicate efficiently in respiratory and intestinal cell lines and in human- and swine-derived organoids, highlighting the potential risk of interspecies infection.

Virome Characterization

A comprehensive analysis of bat viromes, described in Unveiling bat-borne viruses: a comprehensive classification and analysis of virome evolution, used next-generation sequencing to analyze 13,105 swab samples from various locations in China. Analysis of 378 sample pools revealed the presence of 846 vertebrate-associated viruses. Following International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses criteria, the study identified 120 putative viral species with the potential to emerge as novel viruses, comprising 294 viral strains. Some of these novel viruses displayed close genetic relationships to known human and livestock pathogens, such as poxviruses and pestiviruses.

Bat Immunology and Disease Tolerance

The ability of many bat species to host zoonotic pathogens without often showing disease has fostered growing interest in bat immunology. The review Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems: Evolutionary variation in bat immunology emphasizes that bats should not be expected to be immunologically homogenous, given the extreme diversity in ecological traits across the order Chiroptera.

Immune Strategies Across Species

Case studies highlight the range of immune strategies observed across bat species, including responses to SARS-CoV-2. Some bats show constitutive interferon-alpha activity, meaning they produce this antiviral molecule at baseline levels instead of only after infection. This preemptive defense may limit viral replication and reduce disease severity.

Inflammatory Regulation

Bats have tightly regulated inflammatory responses. The loss of pro-inflammatory NF-kB regulators in bat genomes may help prevent excessive inflammation during viral infection. Excessive inflammation is a cause of tissue damage in many viral diseases, so dampening this response could allow bats to tolerate infections that would be harmful to other mammals.

Research Priorities

Broad sampling is needed to remedy current biases in bat immunology research, as only a fraction of bat species has been immunologically studied. Future work should integrate methodological advancements, in vitro and in vivo studies, and phylogenetic comparative methods to robustly test evolutionary hypotheses and understand the drivers and consequences of immunological diversity among bats.

Practical Assessment and Observation of Bats

For farmers, land managers, and wildlife professionals, observing bats and assessing their presence on a property requires systematic methods and careful record keeping.

Identifying Bat Presence

Bat presence can be identified through direct observation at dusk, when bats emerge from roosts to forage. Look for bats near water sources, insect-rich areas, and structures that provide roosting sites. Guano accumulation beneath roosts is a reliable sign of occupancy. Listen for audible chirps and squeaks, though many echolocation calls are ultrasonic and require a bat detector to hear.

Using Acoustic Monitoring

Acoustic monitoring with bat detectors records echolocation calls for species identification. Modern detectors can be deployed for extended periods and can store recordings for later analysis. The Bat2Web framework demonstrates how neural networks can be integrated into end-to-end systems using internet of things technologies for automated acoustical monitoring. Such systems can identify species with high accuracy, achieving an F1-score of 0.9578 and an accuracy rate of 97.5 percent in the cited study.

Recording Observations

Maintain a bat observation log with the following fields:

Assessing Roost Sites

Inspect potential roost sites for signs of bat activity. Look for staining around entry points, guano accumulation, and the presence of insects that attract bats. Note the condition of the structure and any hazards such as exposed wiring or toxic materials. If bats are roosting in a building, consider the timing of any exclusion work, as pups may be present and unable to fly during the maternity season.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Contact a wildlife professional or public health authority if you observe bats behaving abnormally, such as flying during daylight, unable to fly, or found on the ground. These signs can indicate illness. Do not handle bats with bare hands. If a person or pet has been bitten or scratched by a bat, seek medical or veterinary attention promptly and preserve the bat for rabies testing if possible.

Common Failure Patterns in Bat Management

Several common mistakes can undermine bat conservation and management efforts on farms and rural properties.

Disturbing Roosts During Maternity Season

Disturbing a bat roost during the maternity season can cause mothers to drop their pups or abandon the roost. Pups that cannot fly are vulnerable to death. Avoid excluding bats from buildings during the period when pups are present, typically late spring through summer in temperate regions.

Using Toxic Substances

Some property owners attempt to remove bats using toxic substances or fumigation. These methods are often illegal, inhumane, and ineffective. Bats may die inside walls, creating odor problems and attracting pests. Toxic substances can also harm humans, pets, and wildlife.

Sealing Entry Points Without Exclusion

Sealing bat entry points while bats are inside traps them. Trapped bats may die, and their carcasses attract insects and create odors. Proper exclusion involves installing one-way devices that allow bats to leave but not re-enter, then sealing the entry points after confirming the roost is empty.

Ignoring Guano Accumulation

Bat guano can accumulate in large quantities beneath roosts. Guano contains fungi and bacteria that can pose health risks when disturbed. Ignoring guano accumulation can lead to respiratory issues for people in the building. Safe cleanup requires protective equipment and proper disposal methods.

Misidentifying Species

Misidentifying bat species can lead to incorrect management decisions. Some species are protected by law, and harming them can result in legal penalties. Use acoustic monitoring and, when necessary, consult a specialist to confirm species identification before taking action.

Limitations and Knowledge Gaps

Despite advances in bat research, significant knowledge gaps remain.

Incomplete Virome Characterization

A significant proportion of viruses in bat populations remain uncharacterized. The study Unveiling bat-borne viruses highlights the imperative for additional research aimed at elucidating the evolutionary relationship and taxonomic classification of these viral agents. The full diversity of bat-associated viruses is likely much larger than currently known.

Limited Immunological Sampling

Only a fraction of bat species has been immunologically studied. The review Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems notes that broad sampling is needed to remedy current biases. Most immunological research has focused on a small number of species, and the immune strategies of many bat lineages remain unknown.

Uncertain Viral Ancestry

The evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses is complex and not fully resolved. Recombination events complicate phylogenetic inference, and the direct ancestors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have not been sampled. The study The recency and geographical origins of the bat viruses ancestral to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates that viral genomic regions extremely closely related to these viruses were circulating in horseshoe bats, confirming their importance as reservoir species, but the exact evolutionary pathways remain uncertain.

Vector Competence Variability

The role of bat-associated ectoparasites in viral transmission is not fully understood. The review Viral reservoir dynamics in bats and interactions with vectors notes that the degree of vector competence varies considerably across taxa and viral systems. More research is needed to determine which ectoparasites can transmit bat viruses and under what conditions.

Safety and Regulatory Context

Bats are protected by law in many jurisdictions. These protections reflect the ecological importance of bats and the need to conserve their populations.

Legal Protections

Many bat species are protected under national and international laws. Harming, killing, or disturbing bats or their roosts may be illegal. Before undertaking any bat exclusion or habitat modification, check local regulations and obtain necessary permits. Penalties for violating bat protection laws can include fines and other sanctions.

Rabies Risk

Bats can carry rabies viruses, including lyssaviruses. The review Lagos Bat Virus notes that several exposures to rabid bats infected with this virus have been reported, though no known human cases have been documented to date. Rabies is a serious disease, and any bat bite or scratch should be evaluated by a medical professional. Do not handle bats with bare hands, and teach children to avoid bats.

Histoplasmosis Risk

Bat guano can harbor the fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a respiratory disease in humans. Disturbing guano can release fungal spores into the air. When cleaning areas with bat guano, wear appropriate respiratory protection and follow safe cleanup procedures. People with weakened immune systems should avoid exposure to bat guano entirely.

One Health Approach

The review Viral reservoir dynamics in bats and interactions with vectors emphasizes that instead of excluding bats from ecosystems, comprehensive monitoring of bat-vector-virus networks through a One Health approach is critical for preventing zoonotic outbreaks. One Health recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected. Managing bat populations responsibly supports both conservation and public health goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are bats birds?

No, bats are mammals, not birds. Birds have feathers, lay eggs, and have beaks. Bats have fur, give live birth, and nurse their young with milk. The wings of bats are modified forelimbs with a skin membrane, while bird wings are covered in feathers and supported by fused hand bones.

What is the only mammal that can fly?

Bats are the only mammals capable of true powered flight. Other mammals such as flying squirrels and colugos can glide, but they cannot generate lift and thrust by flapping. Bats achieve powered flight by flapping their wing membranes, which are supported by elongated finger bones.

Do all bats use echolocation?

Not all bats use echolocation. Most micro-bats use laryngeal echolocation, but many fruit bats in the family Pteropodidae do not. Some fruit bats use simple visual and olfactory cues to find food, while others produce clicks with their wings or tongues for a basic form of echolocation.

How many species of bats exist?

Bats account for over 20 percent of all mammalian species, making them the second most diverse order of mammals after rodents. The exact number of species continues to grow as new species are discovered and genetic analysis refines taxonomic classifications.

Are bats dangerous to humans?

Bats are not inherently dangerous to humans. They avoid people and do not attack. The primary health risks associated with bats are rabies and histoplasmosis. Do not handle bats with bare hands, and seek medical attention if bitten or scratched. Bats provide valuable ecosystem services, including insect control and pollination.

Why do bats carry so many viruses?

Bats carry many viruses because of their high species diversity, long lifespans, and unique physiological adaptations. Their immune systems tolerate viral infections without showing disease, which allows viruses to persist in bat populations. The review Viral reservoir dynamics in bats and interactions with vectors attributes this tolerance to constitutive interferon-alpha activity, high metabolic rates during flight, and tightly regulated inflammatory responses.

How can I identify bat species on my property?

You can identify bat species using acoustic monitoring, which records echolocation calls for analysis. Modern tools such as the Bat2Web framework use neural networks to classify bat species automatically from echolocation signals. Visual observation of physical features, such as size, fur color, and ear shape, can also help, but acoustic methods are more reliable for most species.

What should I do if I find a bat in my house?

If you find a bat in your house, do not handle it with bare hands. Open windows and doors to allow the bat to exit on its own. If the bat does not leave, contact a wildlife professional for safe removal. If the bat has been in a room with a sleeping person, a child, or a pet, contact a medical or veterinary professional to assess the risk of rabies exposure.

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References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• Unveiling bat-borne viruses: a comprehensive classification and analysis of virome evolution.. Microbiome, 2024.
• Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China.. Nature communications, 2024.
• The recency and geographical origins of the bat viruses ancestral to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.. Cell, 2025.
• Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses.. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 2019.
• Robust taxonomic classification of uncharted microbial sequences and bins with CAT and BAT.. Genome biology, 2019.
• Lagos Bat Virus, an Under-Reported Rabies-Related Lyssavirus.. Viruses, 2021.
• Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems: Evolutionary variation in bat immunology.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2025.
• Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus-related viruses from bats show potential interspecies infection.. Journal of virology, 2025.
• Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations.. 2020.
• Six new reference-quality bat genomes illuminate the molecular basis and evolution of bat adaptations. 2019.
• Viral reservoir dynamics in bats and interactions with vectors: Global and Türkiye perspectives.. 2026.
• Novel Progress in Bat Biological Research: Evolution, Physiology, Behavior and Conservation.. 2026.
• BattyCoda: A novel open-source software for bat call annotation and classification. Ecological Informatics, 2025.
• Optimizing Sheep Breed Classification with Bat Algorithm-Tuned CNN Hyperparameters. SN Computer Science, 2024.
• Hybrid Bat and Salp Swarm Algorithm for Feature Selection and Classification of Crisis-Related Tweets in Social Networks. IEEE Access, 2024.
• Gene selection and cancer classification using interaction-based feature clustering and improved-binary Bat algorithm. Comput. Biol. Medicine, 2024.
• A hybrid bat and grey wolf optimizer for gene selection in cancer classification. Knowledge and Information Systems, 2024.
• Enhancing EMG signal classification using convolution neural network optimized with fractional order bat algorithm. International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, 2024.
• Bat2Web: A Framework for Real-Time Classification of Bat Species Echolocation Signals Using Audio Sensor Data. Italian National Conference on Sensors, 2024.
• The BIO-acoustic feature extraction and classification of bat echolocation calls. IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology, 2012.
• Research progress in neurophysiological mechanism underlying distinguishing plants through classification of echoes in frequency modulation bats. Sheng Li Xue Bao Acta Physiologica Sinica, 2015.
• Bat Call Classification in Acoustic Recordings with Drone Noise Using Deep Learning. International Conference on Electrical Computer Communications and Mechatronics Engineering Iceccme 2024, 2024.
• Fine-grained image classification on bats using VGG16-CBAM: a practical example with 7 horseshoe bats taxa (CHIROPTERA: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus) from Southern China. Frontiers in Zoology, 2024.
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This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.